System, method, and composition for removing uremic toxins in dialysis processes
Methods and devices for providing dialysis treatment are provided. The device comprises a cartridge for providing regenerative dialysis, the cartridge comprising: a body having an inlet and an outlet and defining an interior, the interior including at least a layer comprising urease, a layer comprising zirconium oxide, a layer comprising zirconium phosphate, and a layer comprising carbon, wherein at least two of the layers are blended together to provide a gradient of the two materials.
1. A dialysis system comprising:
a disposable pumping cassette;
a dialyzer;
a patient loop;
a patient loop pump for pumping a patient fluid through the patient loop and the dialyzer;
a regeneration loop;
a dialysate supply container;
a dialysate pump positioned and arranged to fluidly communicate dialysate from the dialysate supply container to the regeneration loop;
a supply of concentrate;
a concentrate pump for pumping concentrate from the supply of concentrate to the regeneration loop; and
a sorbent cartridge for cleaning used dialysate flowing in the regeneration loop, wherein the sorbent cartridge includes (i) a layer comprising urease, a layer comprising zirconium oxide, a layer comprising zirconium phosphate, and a layer comprising carbon, and (ii) a concentrate port for receiving concentrate from the supply of concentrate.
2. The dialysis system of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent cartridge includes an inlet cap, an outlet cap, and a resin bed located between the inlet cap and the outlet cap, the resin bed structured and arranged to remove waste from dialysate flowing in the regeneration loop.
3. The dialysis system of claim 2 , wherein the inlet cap is located at a bottom of the sorbent cartridge.
4. The dialysis system of claim 2 , wherein the sorbent cartridge includes an open-headed chamber located upstream of the resin bed, the open-headed chamber structured and arranged to distribute flow evenly across a cross-section of the sorbent cartridge.
5. The dialysis system of claim 2 , wherein the sorbent cartridge includes an open-headed chamber located downstream from the resin bed, the open-headed chamber structured and arranged to maintain an even fluid velocity throughout the resin bed.
6. The dialysis system of claim 2 , wherein the sorbent cartridge includes (i) a first open-headed chamber located upstream of the resin bed, the first open-headed chamber structured and arranged to distribute flow evenly across a cross-section of the sorbent cartridge, and (ii) a second-open headed chamber located downstream from the resin bed, the second open-headed chamber structured and arranged to maintain an even fluid velocity throughout the resin bed.
7. The dialysis system of claim 6 , which includes a gas separation chamber located downstream from the second open-headed chamber.
8. The dialysis system of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent cartridge includes a gas separation chamber.
9. The dialysis system of claim 8 , wherein the sorbent cartridge includes a gas vent for venting gas from the gas separation chamber.
10. The dialysis system of claim 9 , wherein the gas vent includes a filter.
11. The dialysis system of claim 8 , wherein the sorbent cartridge includes a dialysate fluid outlet and the gas separation chamber includes a barrier structured and arranged to produce a flow pattern that restricts gas from being drawn into the dialysate fluid outlet.
12. The dialysis system of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent cartridge includes an outlet cap, the outlet cap including (i) a dialysate fluid outlet, and (ii) a gas vent for venting gas from the gas separation chamber.
13. The dialysis system of claim 1 , which includes an ultrafiltration collection container fluidly communicating with the regeneration loop.
14. The dialysis system of claim 1 , wherein the concentrate is pumped into the regeneration loop at a location downstream from the sorbent cartridge.
15. The dialysis system of claim 1 , wherein the patient fluid is blood.
16. The dialysis system of claim 1 , which is configured to perform peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.
17. A dialysis system comprising:
a disposable pumping cassette;
a dialyzer;
a patient loop;
a patient loop pump for pumping a patient fluid through the patient loop and the dialyzer;
a regeneration loop;
a sorbent cartridge for cleaning used dialysate flowing in the regeneration loop, wherein the sorbent cartridge includes a layer comprising urease, a layer comprising zirconium oxide, a layer comprising zirconium phosphate, and a layer comprising carbon;
a gas vent located downstream from a resin bed of the sorbent cartridge for venting gas from the regeneration loop;
a dialysate supply container;
a dialysate pump positioned and arranged to fluidly communicate dialysate from the dialysate supply container to the regeneration loop;
a supply of concentrate; and
a concentrate pump in fluid communication with the supply of concentrate for supplying concentrate to the regeneration loop.
18. The dialysis system of claim 17 , which includes an air sensor in operable communication with the patient loop for detecting air in the patient loop.
19. The dialysis system of claim 17 , wherein the sorbent cartridge includes (i) a dialysate fluid inlet, (ii) an outlet cap and (iii) a resin bed located between the dialysate fluid inlet and the outlet cap.
20. The dialysis system of claim 17 , which includes an ultrafiltration collection container fluidly communicating with the regeneration loop.
21. The dialysis system of claim 17 , wherein the concentrate is pumped into the regeneration loop at a location downstream from the sorbent cartridge.
22. The dialysis system of claim 17 , wherein the patient fluid is blood.
23. The dialysis system of claim 17 , which is configured to perform peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.
24. A dialysis system comprising:
a disposable pumping cassette;
a dialyzer;
a patient loop;
a patient loop pump for pumping a patient fluid through the patient loop and the dialyzer;
a regeneration loop;
a sorbent cartridge for cleaning used dialysate flowing in the regeneration loop, wherein the sorbent cartridge includes a layer comprising urease, a layer comprising zirconium oxide, a layer comprising zirconium phosphate, and a layer comprising carbon, the sorbent cartridge further including a gas separation chamber having a gas vent for venting gas from the gas separation chamber;
a dialysate supply container;
a dialysate pump positioned and arranged to fluidly communicate dialysate from the dialysate supply container to the regeneration loop;
a supply of concentrate; and
a concentrate pump for pumping concentrate from the supply of concentrate to the regeneration loop.
25. A dialysis system comprising:
a disposable pumping cassette;
a dialyzer;
a patient loop;
a patient loop pump for pumping a patient fluid through the patient loop and the dialyzer;
a regeneration loop;
a dialysate supply container;
a dialysate pump positioned and arranged to fluidly communicate dialysate from the dialysate supply container to the regeneration loop;
a supply of concentrate;
a concentrate pump for pumping concentrate from the supply of concentrate to the regeneration loop; and
a sorbent cartridge for cleaning used dialysate flowing in the regeneration loop, wherein the sorbent cartridge includes a layer comprising urease, a layer comprising zirconium oxide, a layer comprising zirconium phosphate, and a layer comprising carbon, the sorbent cartridge further including an outlet cap, the outlet cap including (i) a dialysate fluid outlet, and (ii) a gas vent for venting gas from the gas separation chamber, and (iii) a concentrate port for receiving concentrate from the supply of concentrate.