Implants using ultrasonic backscatter for sensing physiological conditions
Described herein is an implantable device having a sensor configured to detect an amount of an analyte, a pH, a temperature, strain, or a pressure; and an ultrasonic transducer with a length of about 5 mm or less in the longest dimension, configured to receive current modulated based on the analyte amount, the pH, the temperature, or the pressure detected by the sensor, and emit an ultrasonic backscatter based on the received current. The implantable device can be implanted in a subject, such as an animal or a plant. Also described herein are systems including one or more implantable devices and an interrogator comprising one or more ultrasonic transducers configured to transmit ultrasonic waves to the one or more implantable devices or receive ultrasonic backscatter from the one or more implantable devices. Also described are methods of detecting an amount of an analyte, a pH, a temperature, a strain, or a pressure.
1. A system, comprising:
(a) an implantable device, comprising:
a sensor configured to detect a pH; and
an ultrasonic transducer with a length of 5 mm or less in the longest dimension, the ultrasonic transducer configured to receive ultrasonic waves that power the implantable device, receive a current modulated based on the pH detected by the sensor, and emit a pH-dependent ultrasonic backscatter based on the current received by the ultrasonic transducer; and
(b) an interrogator comprising one or more ultrasonic transducers configured to transmit the ultrasonic waves that power the implantable device, and receive the ultrasonic backscatter from the implantable device.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is an optical sensor.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the optical sensor comprises a light source and an optical detector.
4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the optical sensor comprises a matrix comprising a fluorophore, and wherein fluorescence intensity or fluorescence lifetime of the fluorophore depends on the pH.
5. The system of claim 2 , wherein the optical sensor comprises a matrix comprising a fluorophore and an oscillating or pulsating light source, where a phase shift or time delay between light emitted from the light source and fluorescence detected by a fluoresce sensor is based on the pH.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is a potentiometric chemical sensor or an amperometric chemical sensor.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic transducer is a bulk piezoelectric transducer, a piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) or a capacitive micro-machined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT).
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the implantable device is 5 mm or less in the longest dimension.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the volume of the implantable device is 5 mm 3 or less.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the implantable device is implanted in a subject.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the subject is an animal or a plant.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the implantable device further comprises an integrated circuit.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the integrated circuit comprises a power circuit.
14. The system of claim 12 , wherein the integrated circuit comprises a driver configured to provide current to the sensor.
15. The system of claim 12 , wherein the integrated circuit comprises a front end configured to receive a signal from the sensor.
16. The system of claim 12 , wherein the integrated circuit comprises a digital circuit.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the digital circuit is configured to operate a modulation circuit.
18. The system of claim 17 , wherein the digital circuit is configured to transmit a digitized signal to the modulation circuit, and wherein the digitized signal is based on the detected pH.
19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the implanted device is at least partially encapsulated by a biocompatible material.
20. The system of claim 1 , wherein the implantable device comprises two or more sensors.
21. The system of claim 1 , wherein the interrogator is configured to be wearable by a subject.
22. A method of detecting a pH, comprising:
powering one or more implantable devices implanted in a subject using ultrasonic waves emitted from an interrogator comprising one or more transducers, wherein the one or more implantable devices comprise an ultrasonic transducer with a length of 5 mm or less in the longest dimension and a sensor configured to measure the pH;
converting energy from the ultrasonic waves into an electrical current;
transmitting the electrical current to the sensor;
measuring the amount of the pH using the sensor;
modulating the electrical current based on the measured pH;
transducing the modulated electrical current into an ultrasonic backscatter that encodes the measured pH;
emitting the ultrasonic backscatter to the interrogator; and
receiving the ultrasonic backscatter.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the one or more implantable devices are implanted in a subject.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the interrogator is worn by the subject.
25. The method of claim 22 , wherein the sensor is an optical sensor that comprises a matrix comprising a fluorophore and an oscillating or pulsating light source, and the method further comprises:
determining a phase shift or time delay between light emitted from the light source and fluorescence emitted by the fluorophore, wherein the phase shift or time delay is based on the pH.
26. A method of detecting a pH, comprising:
powering one or more implantable devices implanted in a subject using ultrasonic waves emitted from an interrogator comprising one or more transducers, wherein the one or more implantable devices each comprise an ultrasonic transducer with a length of 5 mm or less in the longest dimension and a sensor configured to measure the pH;
converting energy from the ultrasonic waves into an electrical current;
measuring the pH using the sensor;
modulating the electrical current based on the measured pH;
transducing the modulated electrical current into an ultrasonic backscatter that encodes the measured pH; and
emitting the ultrasonic backscatter to the interrogator; and
receiving the ultrasonic backscatter.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the one or more implantable devices are implanted in a subject.
28. The method of claim 26 , wherein the interrogator is worn by the subject.
29. The method of claim 26 , comprising analyzing the ultrasonic backscatter to determine the measured pH.
30. The method of claim 26 , wherein the sensor is an optical sensor that comprises a matrix comprising a fluorophore and an oscillating or pulsating light source, and the method further comprises:
determining a phase shift or time delay between light emitted from the light source and fluorescence emitted by the fluorophore, wherein the phase shift or time delay is based on the pH.