Folded or crumpled proppants with increased material strength for hydraulic fracturing, gravel packing and frac packing
Relatively low strength and/or relatively low density, but ductile materials may be folded or crumpled and finely divided to give proppants for introduction into hydraulic fractures, where the folded or crumpled structure of the proppants gives relatively increased strength relative to the relatively low strength and/or relatively low density of the materials. Materials not previously considered suitable for proppants may be considered when structure or configured in this manner. Similarly to the case where crumpled paper within a cardboard box keeps it from collapsing, the folded or crumpled material spontaneously develops structural rigidity at relatively low volume fractions without a specific externally imposed design. The folded or crumpled proppants may also be used alone or together with conventional proppants for sand control in gravel packs or frac packs.
1. A method of placing proppant in a subterranean formation comprising introducing a proppant stage into the subterranean formation, wherein the proppant stage comprises:
a proppant comprising:
at least one folded layer having outer perimeter defining a proppant volume, and where the at least one folded layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of:
a ceramic is selected from the group consisting of aluminosilicate, zirconia, metal carbides;
a carbon material is selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, graphene and its oxide, graphite;
a metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium;
a polymer is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyethylene terephthalate, polyimides, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyurethane; and
combinations thereof, and
at least one interstice within the proppant volume adjacent the layer.
2. The method of claim 1 where the proppant stage additionally comprises a carrier fluid selected from the group consisting of brine, slickwater, an aqueous fluid gelled with a linear gel, an aqueous fluid gelled with a crosslinked gel, an aqueous fluid gelled with a viscoelastic surfactant, a carrier fluid containing a gas, and mixtures thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , where in the proppant the layer has a thickness ranging from about 1 mm to about 5 microns.
4. The method of claim 1 where the proppant has an average particle size of from about 125 to about 1700 microns.
5. The method of claim 1 , where the proppant has a strength of from about 1,000 to about 10,000 psi (about 6.9 to about 69 MPa).
6. The method of claim 1 , where the proppant has a density less than about 2.45 g/cc.
7. A method of placing proppant in a subterranean formation comprising:
introducing a proppant stage into the subterranean formation, wherein the proppant stage comprises:
a proppant comprising:
at least one folded layer having outer perimeter defining a proppant volume, the layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of:
a ceramic is selected from the group consisting of aluminosilicate, zirconia, metal carbides;
a carbon material is selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, graphene and its oxide, graphite;
a metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium;
a polymer is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyethylene terephthalate, polyimides, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyurethane; and
combinations thereof,
at least one interstice within the proppant volume adjacent the layer, and
an average particle size of from about 125 to about 1700 microns.
8. The method of claim 7 where the proppant stage additionally comprises a carrier fluid selected from the group consisting of brine, slickwater, an aqueous fluid gelled with a linear gel, an aqueous fluid gelled with a crosslinked gel, an aqueous fluid gelled with a viscoelastic surfactant, a carrier fluid containing a gas, and mixtures thereof.
9. The method of claim 7 , where in the proppant the layer has a thickness ranging from about 1 mm to about 5 microns.
10. The method of claim 7 , where the proppant has a strength of from about 1,000 to about 10,000 psi (about 6.9 to about 69 MPa).
11. The method of claim 7 , where the proppant has a density less than about 2.45 g/cc.
12. A method of placing proppant in a subterranean formation comprising:
introducing a proppant stage into the subterranean formation, wherein the proppant stage comprises:
a proppant comprising:
at least one folded layer having outer perimeter defining a proppant volume, the layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of:
a ceramic is selected from the group consisting of aluminosilicate, zirconia, metal carbides;
a carbon material is selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, graphene and its oxide, graphite;
titanium;
a polymer is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyethylene terephthalate, polyimides, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyurethane; and
combinations thereof,
at least one interstice within the proppant volume adjacent the layer, and
an average particle size of from about 125 to about 1700 microns and a strength of from about 1,000 to about 10,000 psi (about 6.9 to about 69 MPa); and
flowing fluid back through the proppant pack where the amount of the proppants flowed back is less than the proppants flowed back in a method otherwise identical except that the proppants are solids of substantially the same shape.
13. The method of claim 12 where the proppant stage additionally comprises a carrier fluid selected from the group consisting of brine, slickwater, an aqueous fluid gelled with a linear gel, an aqueous fluid gelled with a crosslinked gel, an aqueous fluid gelled with a viscoelastic surfactant, a carrier fluid containing a gas, and mixtures thereof.