Steel-vanadium alloy cladding for fuel element
This disclosure describes various configurations and components for bimetallic and trimetallic claddings for use as a wall element separating nuclear material from an external environment. The cladding materials are suitable for use as cladding for nuclear fuel elements, particularly for fuel elements that will be exposed to sodium or other coolants or environments with a propensity to react with the nuclear fuel.
1. A steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method comprising:
fabricating a steel tube;
fabricating a vanadium tube of carbon-doped vanadium or vanadium alloy;
depositing one of nickel, nickel alloy, chromium, chromium alloy, zirconium or zirconium alloy one either the inside of the steel tube or the outside of the vanadium tube;
inserting the vanadium tube into the steel tube thereby creating a steel-middle layer-vanadium intermediate tube;
metallurgical bonding the steel-middle layer-vanadium intermediate tube;
pilgering or extruding the steel-middle layer-vanadium intermediate tube; and
cold working the steel-middle layer-vanadium intermediate tube after the metallurgical bonding and pilgering or extruding operations to obtain a steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding;
wherein the steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding consists of:
an outer layer of steel;
a middle layer of nickel, nickel alloy, chromium, chromium alloy, zirconium or zirconium alloy between the outer layer and the inner layer; and
an inner layer consisting of:
0.1-0.3 wt. % C;
the balance being V and other elements, wherein the second layer includes not greater than 0.1 wt. % of each of these other elements, and wherein the total of these other elements does not exceed 0.5 wt. %.
2. The steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the metallurgical bonding operation includes hot isostatic pressing of the steel-middle layer-vanadium intermediate tube.
3. The steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the metallurgical bonding operation is performed after the pilgering or extruding operation.
4. The steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the metallurgical bonding operation is performed before the pilgering or extruding operation.
5. The steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the depositing operation includes depositing the nickel, nickel alloy, chromium, chromium alloy, zirconium or zirconium alloy by organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD); thermal evaporation, sputtering, pulsed laser deposition (PLD), cathodic arc, or electrospark deposition (ESD).
6. The steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer has a thickness that is from 0.1% to 50% of the thickness of the steel layer and the middle layer has a thickness that is from 0.1% to 50% of the thickness of the steel layer.
7. The steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer has a thickness that is from 1% to 5% of the thickness of the steel layer and the middle layer has a thickness that is from 1% to 5% of the thickness of the steel layer.
8. The steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the steel of the steel layer is selected from a tempered martensitic steel, a ferritic steel, an austenitic steel, an oxide-dispersion strengthened steel, T91 steel, T92 steel, HT9 steel, 316 steel, and 304 steel.
9. The steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the steel of the steel layer consists of:
9.0-12.0 wt. % Cr;
0.001-2.5 wt. % W;
0.001-2.0 wt. % Mo;
0.001-0.5 wt. % Si;
up to 0.5 wt. % Ti;
up to 0.5 wt. % Zr;
up to 0.5 wt. % V;
up to 0.5 wt. % Nb;
up to 0.3 wt. % Ta;
up to 0.1 wt. % N;
up to 0.3 wt. % C;
up to 0.01 wt. % B;
the balance being Fe and other elements, wherein the steel includes not greater than 0.15 wt. % of each of these other elements, and wherein the total of these other elements does not exceed 0.35 wt. %.
10. The steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the steel includes one or more of carbide precipitates of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta or B, nitride precipitates of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, or Ta, and/or carbo-nitride precipitates of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, or Ta.
11. The steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer includes one or more carbide precipitates of Cr, Ti and/or other elements.
12. The steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the steel layer is at least 99% of the total thickness of the steel-middle layer-vanadium cladding and wherein with each of the middle layer and inner layer being from 0.0001% to 0.5% of the thickness of the steel layer.