Enamel products and methods of use
Described herein are three-dimensional (3D) culture systems that can be used to produce enamel organoids that generate enamel products. The invention features methods of culturing a variety of cell types to produce such enamel organoids; the organoids themselves; enamel products generated by the organoids; and methods of fashioning the enamel products into surgical restorations, including dental restorations and other prostheses.
1. A method of generating an enamel product in vitro, the method comprising:
(a) providing an oral epithelial keratinocyte in cell culture;
(b) exposing the oral epithelial keratinocyte to a transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), thereby producing a dedifferentiated cell;
(c) exposing the dedifferentiated cell to a serotonin receptor agonist, thereby producing an ameloblast-like cell that produces an extracellular matrix comprising amelogenin; and
(d) exposing the extracellular matrix to a composition that induces mineralization, thereby producing an enamel product.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transforming growth factor β is TGFβ1.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dedifferentiated cell expresses N-cadherin and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4) but does not express E-cadherin.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the serotonin receptor agonist is serotonin, an azapirone, a triptan, LY-334,370, lasmiditan, lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, lorcaserin, cisapride, tegaserod, prucalopride, AS-19, or a salt, hydrate, or analog thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition that induces mineralization comprises calcium and phosphate and/or the cell culture comprises an epidermal growth factor, an insulin-like growth factor, or a fibroblast growth factor.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cell culture: (a) comprises laminin, collagen IV, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, or entactin/nidogen; (b) comprises a solubilized basement membrane preparation extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma; and/or (c) is configured to permit the ameloblast-like cell to proliferate into a 3-dimensional cluster of cells.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising a step of exposing the ameloblast-like cell to a composition comprising a growth factor.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the composition comprises a fibroblast growth factor, a transforming growth factor, or an epithelial growth factor.