Devices and techniques relating to landfill gas extraction

1. A control system for controlling extraction of landfill gas from a landfill via a gas extraction system, the gas extraction system comprising at least one vacuum source, well piping, and at least one well coupled to the at least one vacuum source through the well piping, the control system comprising:

at least one sensor configured to measure one or more characteristics of landfill gas extracted from the landfill;

at least one flow control mechanism disposed in well piping and configured to control flow of the landfill gas through the well piping; and

at least one processor configured to perform:

obtaining, based on at least one first measurement obtained using the at least one sensor, a first measure of energy content in a first portion of extracted landfill gas;

controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase a flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill;

after the controlling, obtaining, based on at least one second measurement obtained using the at least one sensor, a second measure of energy content in a second portion of extracted landfill gas;

determining whether the second measure of energy content is greater than the first measure of energy content;

when it is determined that the second measure of energy content is greater than the first measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill; and

when it is determined that the second measure of energy content is less than the first measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill.

2. The control system of claim 1 , wherein obtaining the first measure of energy content comprises:

obtaining a measurement of a first concentration of methane in the first portion of extracted landfill gas and a measurement of a first flow rate of landfill gas through the at least one flow control mechanism; and

determining the first measure of energy content based on the first concentration of methane and the first flow rate of landfill gas.

3. The control system of claim 2 , wherein obtaining the second measure of energy content comprises:

obtaining a measurement of a second concentration of methane in the second portion of extracted landfill gas and a second flow rate of landfill gas through the at least one flow control mechanism; and

determining the second measure of energy content based on the second concentration of methane and the second flow rate of landfill gas.

4. The control system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to perform:

after controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill,

obtaining, based on at least one third measurement obtained using the at least one sensor, a third measure of energy content in a third portion of extracted landfill gas;

determining whether the third measure of energy content is greater than the second measure of energy content;

when it is determined that the third measure of energy content is greater than the second measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to further increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill; and

when it is determined that the third measure of energy content is less than the second measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill.

5. The control system of claim 1 ,

wherein the at least one flow control mechanism comprises at least one valve,

wherein the at least one processor is configured to control the at least one flow control mechanism to increase flow of landfill gas at least in part by causing the at least one valve to open to a greater degree, and

wherein the at least one processor is configured to control the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease flow of landfill gas at least in part by causing the at least one valve to close to a greater degree.

6. The control system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to perform:

obtaining, from the at least one sensor, measured concentrations of methane, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the first portion of extracted landfill gas;

determining a balance gas concentration based on the measured concentrations of methane, oxygen, and carbon dioxide;

controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill only when it is determined both that the second measure of energy content is greater than the first measure of energy content and the balance gas concentration is less than a balance gas threshold; and

controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill when it is determined that either the second measure of energy content is less than the first measure of energy content or the balance gas concentration is greater than the balance gas threshold.

7. The control system of claim 6 , wherein the balance gas threshold is 2.5 percent by volume.

8. The control system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to perform:

obtaining, from the at least one sensor, a measured concentration of oxygen in the first portion of extracted landfill gas;

controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill only when it is determined both that the second measure of energy content is greater than the first measure of energy content and the measured concentration of oxygen is less than an oxygen threshold; and

controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill when it is determined that either the second measure of energy content is less than the first measure of energy content or the measured concentration of oxygen is greater than the oxygen threshold.

9. The control system of claim 8 , wherein the oxygen threshold is 5% by volume.

10. The control system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one sensor is coupled to the at least one flow control mechanism.

11. The control system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises a sensor configured to detect concentration of methane.

12. The control system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is located remotely from the at least one flow control mechanism and is configured to wirelessly communicate with the at least one flow control mechanism.

13. An apparatus for controlling extraction of landfill gas from a landfill via a gas extraction system, the gas extraction system comprising at least one vacuum source, well piping, and at least one well coupled to the at least one vacuum source through the well piping, at least one flow control mechanism being coupled to the well piping and configured to control flow of landfill gas through the well piping, the apparatus comprising:

at least one processor configured to perform:

obtaining, based on at least one first measurement obtained using at least one sensor, a first measure of energy content in a first portion of extracted landfill gas;

controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase a flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill;

after the controlling, obtaining, based on at least one second measurement obtained using the at least one sensor, a second measure of energy content in a second portion of extracted landfill gas;

determining whether the second measure of energy content is greater than the first measure of energy content;

when it is determined that the second measure of energy content is greater than the first measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill; and

when it is determined that the second measure of energy content is less than the first measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill.

14. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein obtaining the first measure of energy content comprises:

obtaining a measurement of a first concentration of methane in the first portion of extracted landfill gas and a measurement of a first flow rate of landfill gas through the at least one flow control mechanism; and

determining the first measure of energy content based on the first concentration of methane and the first flow rate of landfill gas.

15. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to perform:

after controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill,

obtaining, based on at least one third measurement obtained using the at least one sensor, a third measure of energy content in a third portion of extracted landfill gas;

determining whether the third measure of energy content is greater than the second measure of energy content;

when it is determined that the third measure of energy content is greater than the second measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to further increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill; and

when it is determined that the third measure of energy content is less than the second measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill.

16. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to perform:

obtaining, from the at least one sensor, measured concentrations of methane, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the first portion of extracted landfill gas;

determining a balance gas concentration based on the measured concentrations of methane, oxygen, and carbon dioxide;

controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill only when it is determined both that the second measure of energy content is greater than the first measure of energy content and the balance gas concentration is less than a balance gas threshold; and

controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill when it is determined that either the second measure of energy content is less than the first measure of energy content or the balance gas concentration is greater than the balance gas threshold.

17. A method for controlling extraction of landfill gas from a landfill via a control system, the control system comprising at least one sensor and at least one flow control mechanism configured to control flow of landfill gas through well piping in a gas extraction system, the method comprising:

obtaining, using the at least one sensor, a first measure of energy content in a first portion of extracted landfill gas;

controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase a flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill;

after the controlling, obtaining, using the at least one sensor, a second measure of energy content in a second portion of extracted landfill gas;

determining whether the second measure of energy content is greater than the first measure of energy content;

when it is determined that the second measure of energy content is greater than the first measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill; and

when it is determined that the second measure of energy content is less than the first measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein obtaining the first measure of energy content comprises:

measuring, using the at least one sensor, a first concentration of methane in the first portion of extracted landfill gas and a first flow rate of landfill gas through the at least one flow control mechanism; and

determining the first measure of energy content based on the first concentration of methane and the first flow rate of landfill gas.

19. The method of claim 17 , wherein obtaining the second measure of energy content comprises:

measuring, using the at least one sensor, a second concentration of methane in the second portion of extracted landfill gas and a second flow rate of landfill gas through the at least one flow control mechanism; and

determining the second measure of energy content based on the second concentration of methane and the second flow rate of landfill gas.

20. The method of claim 17 , further comprising:

after controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill,

obtaining, using the at least one sensor, a third measure of energy content in a third portion of extracted landfill gas;

determining whether the third measure of energy content is greater than the second measure of energy content;

when it is determined that the third measure of energy content is greater than the second measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to further increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill; and

when it is determined that the third measure of energy content is less than the second measure of energy content, controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill.

21. The method of claim 17 ,

wherein the at least one flow control mechanism comprises at least one valve,

wherein controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase flow of landfill gas comprises controlling the at least one valve to open to a greater degree, and

wherein controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease flow of landfill gas comprises controlling the at least one valve to close to a greater degree.

22. The method of claim 17 , further comprising:

measuring concentrations of methane, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the first portion of extracted landfill gas;

determining a balance gas concentration based on the measured concentrations of methane, oxygen, and carbon dioxide;

controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to increase the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill only when it is determined both that the second measure of energy content is greater than the first measure of energy content and the balance gas concentration is less than a balance gas threshold; and

controlling the at least one flow control mechanism to decrease the flow rate of landfill gas being extracted from the landfill when it is determined that either the second measure of energy content is less than the first measure of energy content or the balance gas concentration is greater than the balance gas threshold.