Method for reinforcing and/or lining material
A method of manufacturing a heterogeneous composite includes the steps of providing a first constituent and a second constituent, wherein the first constituent is porous or capable of developing pores when under hydrostatic pressure, and the second constituent comprises a solid having thermoplastic properties; positioning the second constituent relative to the first constituent and coupling energy into the second constituent to cause at least portions of the second constituent to liquefy and to penetrate into pores or other structures of the first constituent, whereby the first constituent is interpenetrated by the second constituent to yield a composite; and, causing an irreversible transition at least of the second constituent to yield a modified composite.
1. A method of manufacturing a heterogeneous composite, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a first constituent and a second constituent,
wherein the first constituent is porous or capable of developing pores when under hydrostatic pressure,
and the second constituent comprises a solid having thermoplastic properties;
positioning the second constituent adjacent to the first constituent;
coupling energy into the second constituent to cause at least portions of the second constituent to liquefy and to penetrate into pores or other structures of the first constituent, whereby the first constituent is interpenetrated by material of the second constituent to yield a composite comprising the first constituent, the second constituent, and an interpenetration zone between the first and second constituents; and
providing an irreversible transition at least of the second constituent to yield a modified composite, wherein the irreversible transition comprises a chemical reaction taking place within the second constituent or between the first and second constituents.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the irreversible transition is provided by energy input on the composite.
3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the energy input comprises a heat treatment of the composite.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the irreversible transition comprises diffusion of material of the first constituent into the second constituent and/or vice versa.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein by a same process that provides the irreversible transition of the second constituent, an irreversible transition also of the first constituent is provided.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first constituent comprises a green body, and wherein the method comprises a step of firing the green body after interpenetration of the first constituent by material of the second constituent.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the irreversible transition is provided by the step of firing.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of coupling energy into the second constituent comprises coupling mechanical vibration into the second constituent.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein during the step of coupling energy into the second constituent, the second constituent is clamped between a vibrating tool and a counter element, the counter element being different from the first constituent.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the energy coupled into the second constituent causes liquefaction of the solid having thermoplastic properties at an interface between the second constituent and the vibrating tool, and wherein a clamping force causes the liquefied thermoplastic material to be displaced from between the second constituent and the vibrating tool into structures of the first constituent.
11. The method according to claim 9 , further comprising a step of removing the vibrating tool, wherein after the step of removing no portion of the second constituent that was not liquefied remains in the object or connected thereto.
12. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the mechanical vibration is coupled into the second constituent by a tool on which a tensile force acts during the step of coupling.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the second constituent comprises a core of a material having non-thermoplastic properties not or of a material liquefiable at temperatures that are higher than a melting temperature of the solid having thermoplastic properties.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the solid having thermoplastic properties comprises a matrix of a thermoplastic polymer and a metallic filler.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the solid having thermoplastic properties comprises a matrix of a thermoplastic polymer and a ceramic filler.
16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the ceramic filler is green.
17. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the ceramic filler is fired.
18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first constituent comprises a ceramic.
19. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first constituent comprises a metallic foam.
20. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first constituent comprises graphite foam.
21. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of coupling energy into the second constituent is carried out until an interpenetration zone having a depth of at least 1 mm results.