Methods and apparatus for monitoring wound healing using impedance spectroscopy
Methods and apparatus for real-time, quantifiable monitoring of high-risk areas of biological tissue are described. The methods and apparatus use impedance spectroscopy to detect subtle changes in tissue health.
1. An apparatus for early detection of pressure ulcers, the apparatus comprising:
(a) a substrate comprising an array of electrodes;
(b) the substrate configured to be positioned across an area of biological tissue;
(c) a controller coupled to the array of electrodes; and
(d) a processor coupled to the controller;
(e) a memory storing instructions executable by the processor;
(f) the instructions, when executed by the processor, performing steps comprising:
(i) acquiring electrical signals from the array of electrodes;
(ii) processing the electrical signals to measure impedance across at least two electrodes in the array of electrodes;
(iii) creating a map of electrical impedance across at least a portion of the area of biological tissue, the map comprising an impedance magnitude map and impedance phase angle map;
(iv) comparing the impedance magnitude map and impedance phase angle map against a damage threshold; and
(v) identifying tissue within the area of biological tissue as one of:
healthy tissue, mild reversible pressure damage, and irreversible pressure damage.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, further perform steps comprising identifying a change in impedance spectra across the map, the change in impedance spectra corresponding to tissue damage within the area of biological tissue.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein impedance is measured across pairs of neighboring electrodes.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller includes at least one multiplexer configured to allow for specific selection of drive and sense electrodes in the array.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 :
wherein the controller is configured to connect the electrodes through the one or more multiplexers to an impedance measuring device; and
wherein the impedance measuring device provides drive signals to the array of electrodes and calculates a complex impedance of the area of biological tissue.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, further performing steps comprising measuring impedance at various frequencies and analyzing any dispersion observed in a frequency response of the area of biological tissue.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, further perform steps comprising providing electrical stimulation to specific sites on the area of biological tissue to promote tissue repair.
8. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, further perform steps comprising establishing which electrodes are used as a sense pair (S+ and S−) and a corresponding drive pair (D+ and D−).
9. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, further perform steps comprising cycling through all neighboring pairs in the array of electrodes to generate the map of the measured impedance.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the array of electrodes comprises a flexible substrate.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 :
wherein flexures are cut in the substrate at locations corresponding to the array of electrodes; and
wherein the flexures allow the array of electrodes to be displaced away from the substrate and toward the biological tissue.
12. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the array of electrodes comprises a conductive hydrogel disposed over the array of electrodes to promote contact with the biological tissue.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the damage threshold comprises a specified magnitude value and phase window.