Oil and gas well produced saltwater treatment system
An integrated process which simultaneously removes water and precipitated salts from oil and gas well produced saltwater, thus reducing or eliminating the cost and environmental problems associated with waste water disposal, while adding revenue through electrical production and other coproducts. The addition of a zero emissions engine will also convert wellhead natural gas into carbon neutral, emission free electrical and thermal energy, along with facilitating additional products further reducing the cost of processing the saltwater.
1. A method fir reducing or eliminating a saltwater solution that is generated as a result of oil and/or gas production from, or fracking of, a well comprising:
(a) delivering the saltwater solution through an evaporative fluid cooler which evaporates a portion of the water in the saltwater solution to produce a concentrated saltwater solution;
(b) boiling off or evaporating additional water from the concentrated saltwater solution, to produce a further concentrated stream;
(c) cooling the further concentrated stream by indirect heat exchange with a cooling media to a temperature below the saturation point of the further concentrated stream to release solids which separate from the further concentrated stream to form a solids product and a saturated saltwater product; and
d) prior to cooling the further concentrated stream in step (c), cooling the cooling media by transferring heat from the cooling media to the saltwater solution in the evaporative fluid cooler in step (a).
2. The method of claim 1 wherein in step (b) the concentrated saltwater solution is heated by direct or indirect heat transfer from a combustion gas stream produced by the combustion of a wellhead gas from the well.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the further concentrated stream is cooled in step (c) in a holding tank.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the combustion gas stream used in step (b) is produced by the combustion of the wellhead gas in an internal combustion engine which drives an electrical generator to produce electrical power.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein, prior to being used in step (b), the combustion gas stream produced by the internal combustion engine is used for heat transfer to heat steam in a cogeneration system which produces electricity.
6. A method for reducing or eliminating a saltwater solution that is generated as a result of oil and/or gas production from, or fracking of, a well comprising:
(a) delivering the saltwater solution through an evaporative fluid cooler which evaporates a portion of the water in the saltwater solution to produce a concentrated saltwater solution;
(b) boiling off or evaporating additional water from the concentrated saltwater solution, to produce a further concentrated stream; and
(c) driving an electrical generator using a zero emissions engine (ZEE) which produces a ZEE exhaust stream from (i) a wellhead gas from the well or a hydrogen stream produced from the wellhead gas, (ii) liquid oxygen, and (iii) water, and wherein the ZEE exhaust stream is used (1) in step (b) to heat the concentrated saltwater solution, (2) to heat liquid nitrogen to drive a nitrogen turbine, or (3) a combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of recovering CO 2 from the ZEE exhaust stream.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising the step of bubbling the CO 2 through the further concentrated stream produced in step (b) while cooling the further concentrated stream to cause solids to precipitate from the further concentrated stream.
9. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of producing the liquid oxygen for the zero emissions engine by air separation.
10. The method of claim 9 further comprising the step of recovering argon when producing liquid oxygen by air separation.
11. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of producing hydrogen in a reformer unit using the wellhead gas from the well, wherein the reformer unit also produces a steam product and wherein at least a portion of the hydrogen is used as a fuel in the zero emissions engine.
12. The method of claim 11 further comprising the step of producing methanol from a portion of the hydrogen.
13. The method of claim 11 further comprising the step of producing an ammonia product from a portion of the hydrogen.
14. A method for reducing or eliminating a saltwater solution that is generated as a result of oil and/or gas production from, or fracking of, a well comprising:
(a) delivering the saltwater solution through an evaporative fluid cooler which evaporates a portion of the water in the saltwater solution to produce a concentrated saltwater solution;
(b) boiling off or evaporating additional water from the concentrated saltwater solution, to produce a further concentrated stream;
(c) cooling the further concentrated stream by indirect heat exchange with a cooling media to a temperature below the saturation point of the further concentrated stream to release solids which separate from the further concentrated stream to form a solids product and a saturated saltwater product; and
(d) reducing the saturated saltwater product to water vapor and dry solids in a flash dryer in which the saturated saltwater product is sprayed into an exhaust stream produced by combusting a mixture of air and wellhead gas from the well.
15. A method for reducing or eliminating a saltwater solution that is generated as a result of oil and/or gas production from, or fracking of, a well comprising:
(a) delivering the saltwater solution through an evaporative fluid cooler which evaporates a portion of the water in the saltwater solution to produce a concentrated saltwater solution;
(b) boiling off or evaporating additional water from the concentrated saltwater solution, to produce a further concentrated stream;
(c) cooling the further concentrated stream by indirect heat exchange with a cooling media to a temperature below the saturation point of the further concentrated stream to release solids which separate from the further concentrated stream to form a solids product and a saturated saltwater product; and
(d) reducing the saturated saltwater product in a thin film evaporator tower in which the saturated saltwater product is fed to the top of the thin film evaporator tower and flows downwardly along an inner wall of a heat transfer surface in a thin film developed by rotating blades within the thin film evaporator tower so that water evaporates from the saturated saltwater product and a salt product collects in a bottom of the thin film evaporator tower.
16. A method for reducing or eliminating a saltwater solution that is generated as a result of oil and/or gas production from, or fracking of, a well comprising:
(a) delivering the saltwater solution through an evaporative fluid cooler which evaporates a portion of the water in the saltwater solution to produce a concentrated saltwater solution;
(b) boiling off or evaporating additional water from the concentrated saltwater solution, to produce a further concentrated stream, by direct or indirect heat transfer from a combustion gas steam produced by combusting (i) a wellhead gas from the well or (ii) hydrogen produced from the wellhead gas; and
(c) recovering heat from the combustion gas stream to produce electrical power using an organic Rankine cycle engine and generator.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the combustion gas stream is a burner discharge stream produced by combusting the wellhead gas or hydrogen in a burner.
18. A method for reducing or eliminating a saltwater solution that is generated as a result of oil and/or gas production from, or fracking of, a well comprising:
(a) delivering the saltwater solution through an evaporative fluid cooler which evaporates a portion of the water in the saltwater solution to produce a concentrated saltwater solution;
(b) boiling off or evaporating additional water from the concentrated saltwater solution, to produce a further concentrated stream; and
(c) after step (a) and prior to step (b), using at least a portion of the concentrated saltwater solution in a Chlor-Alkali process to produce chlorine gas, hydroxides and hydrochloric acid.
19. A method for reducing or eliminating a saltwater solution comprising the steps of:
(a) delivering the saltwater solution through an evaporative fluid cooler which evaporates a portion of the water in the saltwater solution to produce a concentrated saltwater solution;
(b) boiling off or evaporating additional water from the concentrated saltwater solution, to produce a further concentrated stream; and
(c) driving an electrical generator using a zero emissions engine (ZEE) which produces a ZEE exhaust stream, wherein the ZEE exhaust stream is used (1) in step (b) to heat the concentrated saltwater solution, (2) to heat liquid nitrogen to drive a nitrogen turbine, or (3) a combination thereof.
20. The method of claim 19 further comprising the steps of:
(i) recovering CO 2 from the ZEE exhaust stream and
(ii) bubbling the CO 2 through the further concentrated stream produced in step (b) while cooling the further concentrated stream to cause solids to precipitate from the further concentrated stream.