Vapor cell heating assembly
A vapor cell heating assembly, method, and high temperature optical system including a vapor cell having exterior surfaces; a slide disposed on at least one exterior surface of the vapor cell; a heating element disposed on the at least one exterior surface, the heating element including a frame and a first opening in the frame to pass light through the frame to the at least one exterior surface; and a shell disposed on the vapor cell to hold the slide and heating element to the vapor cell, wherein the shell includes a plurality of structural elements, each structural element disposed on a corresponding exterior surface of the vapor cell and aligned to adjacent structural elements at edges, and wherein each structural element includes a second opening to pass light through the structural element to a respective exterior surface.
1. A vapor cell heating assembly comprising:
a vapor cell comprising exterior surfaces;
a slide disposed on at least one exterior surface of the vapor cell;
a heating element disposed on the at least one exterior surface, the heating element comprising a frame and a first opening in the frame to pass light through the frame to the at least one exterior surface; and
a shell disposed on the vapor cell to hold the slide and heating element to the vapor cell,
wherein the shell comprises a plurality of structural elements, each structural element disposed on a corresponding exterior surface of the vapor cell and aligned to adjacent structural elements at edges, and wherein each structural element comprises a second opening to pass light through the structural element to a respective exterior surface.
2. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the vapor cell further comprises an interior surface defining a sealed inner chamber comprising a vacuum of less than or equal to 10 −6 Torr and an alkaline-earth material.
3. The assembly of claim 2 , wherein the vapor cell comprises at least one of sapphire, calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), and europium-doped calcium fluoride (CaF 2 :Eu).
4. The assembly of claim 1 , further comprising:
a plurality of slides, wherein each exterior surface of the vapor cell has a slide disposed thereon; and
a plurality of heating elements, wherein the plurality of heating elements circumscribe the vapor cell disposed on corresponding side exterior surfaces thereof.
5. The assembly of claim 4 , wherein each slide comprises a notch in a corner adjacent to the notch in adjacent slides to expose the underlying exterior surface of the vapor cell at a corner of the exterior surfaces.
6. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the heating element comprises tungsten encased in aluminum nitride.
7. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the shell comprises copper.
8. The assembly of claim 7 , wherein the shell comprises an integral first portion and a complementary integral second portion aligned to the integral first portion to form an interior volume and hold the slide and heating element to the vapor cell exterior surface in the interior volume of the first portion joined to the second portion.
9. A method of manufacturing a vapor cell heating assembly, the method comprising:
disposing a body component of a vapor cell in a vacuum chamber over-pressurized with inert gas, wherein the body component comprises an inner chamber open to the vacuum chamber;
disposing an alkaline-earth material in the inner chamber;
disposing an endcap of the vapor cell in the vacuum chamber;
evacuating the vacuum chamber to less than or equal to 10 −6 Torr;
pressing the endcap into optical contact with the body component to seal the inner chamber while under vacuum less than or equal to 10 −6 Torr to form a vapor cell;
disposing a slide on at least one exterior surface of the vapor cell;
disposing a heating element on the at least one exterior surface, the heating element comprising a frame and a first opening in the frame to pass light through the frame to the at least one exterior surface; and
disposing a shell on the vapor cell to hold the slide and heating element to the vapor cell,
wherein the shell comprises a plurality of structural elements, each structural element disposed on a corresponding exterior surface of the vapor cell and aligned to adjacent structural elements at edges, and wherein each structural element comprises a second opening to pass light through the structural element to a respective exterior surface.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein pressing the endcap into optical contact with the body component to seal the inner chamber comprises:
securing a feedthrough component on a flange of the vacuum chamber, wherein the feedthrough component comprises a manipulator end to move within the vacuum chamber in response to input from outside the vacuum chamber;
attaching the endcap to the manipulator end;
positioning the endcap on the body component to close the inner chamber and moving the manipulator end to space the endcap apart from the body component during evacuation to less than or equal to 10 −6 Torr; and
moving the manipulator end to press the endcap into optical contact with the body component to seal the inner chamber while under vacuum of less than or equal to 10 −6 Torr.
11. The method of claim 9 , further comprising heating the body component prior to pressing the endcap into optical contact with the body component to seal the inner chamber while under vacuum less than or equal to 10 −6 Torr.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the alkaline-earth material comprises at least one of calcium, strontium, magnesium, barium, radium, zinc, cadmium, and ytterbium.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the vapor cell comprises at least one of sapphire, calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), and europium-doped calcium fluoride (CaF 2 :Eu).
14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the heating element comprises tungsten encased in aluminum nitride.
15. The method of claim 9 , wherein the shell comprises copper.
16. The method of claim 9 , wherein disposing the shell on the vapor cell comprises:
disposing the vapor cell having the slide and heating element on the exterior surface thereof in an integral first portion of the shell;
disposing a second integral portion of the shell on the integral first portion to hold the slide and heating element to the vapor cell exterior surface in an interior volume formed by the integral first portion and integral second portion; and
adjoining the integral first portion of the shell to the integral second portion of the shell.
17. A high temperature optical system comprising:
a vapor cell heating assembly comprising:
a vapor cell comprising an exterior surface and an interior surface defining a sealed inner chamber comprising a vacuum of less than or equal to 10 −6 Torr and an alkaline-earth material;
a slide disposed on the exterior surface of the vapor cell;
a heating element disposed on the exterior surface, the heating element comprising a frame and a first opening in the frame to pass light therethrough to the exterior surface; and
a shell disposed on the vapor cell to hold the slide and heating element to the vapor cell,
wherein the shell comprises a plurality of structural elements, each structural element aligned to adjacent structural elements, and wherein each structural element comprises a second opening to pass light therethrough to the exterior surface; and
a laser source to project a laser beam through the first and second openings, the exterior surface, the interior surface, and into the sealed inner chamber of the vapor cell.
18. The system of claim 17 , wherein the alkaline-earth material is in the form of a vapor between 400-600° C.
19. The system of claim 18 , further comprising a recorder to record a narrow transition of an alkaline-earth vapor interaction with the laser beam.
20. The system of claim 17 , wherein the slide comprises a notch in a corner to expose the underlying exterior surface of the vapor cell to form a cold spot for condensation of the alkaline-earth material.