Compositions and methods for the treatment of fat infiltration in muscle
This disclosure provides methods of using compositions comprising amino acid entities to reduce fat infiltration in muscle, particularly under conditions of muscle atrophy. The disclosure also provides methods for enhancing muscle function by reducing fat infiltration in the muscle comprising administering an effective amount of the compositions to a subject in need thereof.
1. A method for reducing fat infiltration in muscle comprising administering to a subject at risk of fat infiltration in muscle a composition comprising:
a) a leucine amino acid entity, an arginine amino acid entity, and a glutamine amino acid entity;
b) a N-acetylcysteine (NAC) entity; and
c) an essential amino acid (EAA)-entity chosen from a histidine amino acid-entity, a lysine amino acid-entity, a phenylalanine amino acid-entity, and a threonine amino acid-entity or a combination of two, three, or four of the EAAs.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject at risk of fat infiltration in muscle has a rotator cuff injury.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein administration of the composition precedes a surgery for the rotator cuff injury.
4. The method of claim 2 , further comprising determining a level of fat infiltration in shoulder muscle affected by the rotator cuff injury before surgery.
5. The method of claim 2 , further comprising determining a level of fat infiltration in shoulder muscle affected by the rotator cuff injury after surgery.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the subject is an elderly subject.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject at risk of fat infiltration in muscle has chronic back pain (fat infiltration in paraspinal muscles); HIV (fat infiltration in locomotor muscles); spinal cord injury; stroke; COPD; end-stage liver disease (ESLD), hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, portal hypertension, ascites, infection risk, sepsis, all-cause hospitalization, all-cause and liver-related mortality; or muscle weakness associated with ageing.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the composition to the subject at risk of fat infiltration in muscle improves a muscle function of sequestering glucose.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the subject at risk for fat infiltration in muscle has diabetes or metabolic disease.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject at risk of fat infiltration in muscle has cancer.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer or periampullary cancer.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject at risk for fat infiltration in muscle does not have significant increase in BMI, sarcopenia, or other overt conditions.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject at risk for fat infiltration in muscle suffers from cirrhosis without sarcopenia.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the degree of fat infiltration in muscle is determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of methionine (M), trytophan (W), valine (V), or cysteine (C) is absent, or if present, is present at less than 1 weight (wt.) %.
16. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the total wt. % of (a)-(c) is greater than the total wt. % of any other amino acid entity in the composition.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises an isoleucine amino acid entity, a valine amino acid entity, or both an isoleucine amino acid entity and a valine amino acid entity.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the leucine amino acid entity, the arginine amino acid, the glutamine amino acid entity, or one, two, three, or all of the EAA amino acid entities is a free amino acid, and at least 50 wt. % of the total dry wt. of the composition is one or more amino acid entities in free form.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the leucine amino acid entity, the arginine amino acid entity, the glutamine amino acid entity, or one, two, three, or all of the EAA amino acid entities is in salt form, and at least 50 wt.% of the total dry wt. of the composition is one or more amino acid entities in salt form.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the composition comprises about 0.5 g to about 15 g of the leucine amino acid entity, about 0.25 g to about 10 g of the isoleucine amino acid entity, about 0.25 g to about 10 g of the valine amino acid entity, about 0.5 to about 25 g of the arginine amino acid entity, about 0.5 g to about 20 g of the glutamine amino acid entity, about 0.1 to about 5 g the NAC or a salt thereof, about 0.05 g to about 3 g of the L-histidine or a salt thereof, about 0.05 to about 6 g of the L-lysine or a salt thereof, about 0.04 to about 2 g of the L-phenylalanine or a salt thereof, and about 0.08 to about 4 g of the L-threonine or a salt thereof entity; e.g., about 1 g of the leucine amino acid entity, about 0.5 g of the isoleucine amino acid entity, about 0.5 g of the valine amino acid entity, about 1.5 g or about 1.81 of the arginine amino acid entity, about 1.33 g of the glutamine amino acid entity, about 0.15 g or about 0.3 g of the NAC or a salt thereof, about 0.08 g of the L-histidine or a salt thereof, about 0.35 g of the L-lysine or a salt thereof, about 0.08 g of the L-phenylalanine or a salt thereof, and about 0.17 g of the L-threonine or a salt thereof.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition and further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.