Optical absorption spectroscopy based gas analyzer systems and methods

1. A gas analyzer system for measuring a concentration of a component in a gas mixture, the system comprising: a resonant optical cavity containing said gas and having at least two cavity mirrors, one of which is a cavity coupling mirror; a continuous-wave external cavity laser emitting light optically coupled to the resonant optical cavity, wherein the external cavity laser comprises a semiconductor gain medium, an output coupler, a first tunable narrow band spectral filter spatially separated from the gain medium and capable of filtering a single longitudinal mode in the laser cavity across a bandwidth of the gain medium; mode matching optics configured to couple the laser light to the resonant optical cavity via the cavity coupling mirror; a detector system for measuring an absorption of the laser light by the gas in the resonant optical cavity, wherein the detector system being operable to transmit a data signal corresponding to the absorption of laser light by the gas in the resonant optical cavity; and a processor operable to conduct the absorption spectroscopy analysis of the gas sample based on the data signal, wherein the ratio of the round-trip optical cavity length of the external cavity laser to the round-trip optical cavity length of the resonant optical cavity or its inverse value is between N−0.2 and N+0.2, where N is a positive integer number.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the external cavity laser further comprising an actuator communicatively coupled to a component of the external cavity laser and capable to change a position of the component for adjusting an optical length of the cavity of the external cavity laser, wherein an optical path of an intra-cavity laser beam depends on the position of the component.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first tunable narrow band spectral filter selected from the group consisting of a dispersive prism, a diffraction grating, a solid etalon filter, a Fabry-Pérot etalon, a resonant optical cavity, and an optical Vernier filter.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the external cavity laser is an optical feedback sensitive laser coupled by optical feedback to the resonant optical cavity.

5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a wave-meter for measuring a wavelength of the laser light.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the external cavity laser further comprising a second tunable narrow band spectral filter for narrowing a spectral line-width of the laser light.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the external cavity laser further comprising a polarization filter capable of selecting a polarization state of the laser light.

8. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a single mode optical fiber in an optical path between the external cavity laser and the resonant optical cavity.

9. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a means for adjusting an optical length of the resonant optical cavity.

10. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an optical isolator in an optical path between the external cavity laser and the resonant optical cavity for isolating the external cavity laser from the resonant optical cavity.

11. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an optical amplifier in an optical path between the external cavity laser and the resonant optical cavity, wherein the optical amplifier selected from the group consisting of a Booster Optical Amplifier and a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier, and the optical amplifier is capable of amplifying the laser light emitted by the laser.

12. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an optical modulator in an optical path between the external cavity laser and the resonant cavity, wherein the optical modulator selected from the group consisting of a Booster Optical Amplifier, a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier, an Electro-Optic Modulator, and an Acousto-Optic Modulator, and the optical modulator is capable of modulating the laser light emitted by the laser.

13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the detector system includes a photo-detector configured to measure an intensity of the light transmitted through the resonant optical cavity.

14. The system of claim 13 , wherein an optical length between the photodetector and the cavity mirror used to transmit the light measured by the photodetector is close to half the roundtrip optical length of the resonant optical cavity.

15. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an optical isolator in an optical path between the resonant optical cavity and the detector system for isolating the resonant optical cavity from any light scattered or reflected from the detector system.

16. The system of claim 1 , wherein an optical length of optical path between one of the sources of unwanted scattered or reflected light coupled to the resonant optical cavity and one of mirrors of the resonant optical cavity is close to half of the roundtrip optical length of the resonant optical cavity.

17. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the resonant optical cavity, a pressure sensor for measuring the pressure of the gas in the resonant optical cavity, a temperature control element configured to control the temperature of the gas in the resonant optical cavity, and a pressure control element configured to control the pressure of the gas in the resonant optical cavity.

18. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a means for controlling a gas flow through the resonant optical cavity.

19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the resonant optical cavity is disposed in a housing enclosure that provides an airtight seal for the resonant optical cavity, and wherein the temperature and the pressure of a gas in the housing enclosure are actively controlled.

20. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the external cavity laser, and a temperature control element configured to control the temperature of the external cavity laser.