Efficient and stable perovskite solar cells with all solution processed metal oxide transporting layers

1. An opto-electronic device, comprising:

a first electrode;

a first buffer layer formed on said first electrode;

a perovskite semiconductor active layer formed on said first buffer layer;

a second buffer layer formed on said perovskite semiconductor active layer; and

a second electrode formed on said second buffer layer,

wherein said first buffer layer has a thickness between about 75 nm and about 85 nm,

wherein said second buffer layer has a thickness between about 65 nm and about 75 nm, and

wherein said first buffer layer is nickel oxide and said second buffer layer is zinc oxide.

2. An opto-electronic device according to claim 1 , wherein said first and second electrodes each consists essentially of inorganic materials.

3. An opto-electronic device according to claim 1 , wherein said first buffer layer comprises a plurality of nanoparticles.

4. An opto-electronic device according to claim 1 , wherein said second buffer layer comprises a plurality of nanoparticles, wherein each of the plurality of nanoparticles has a size that is less than 10 nm.

5. An opto-electronic device according to claim 1 , wherein said first buffer layer has a work function between about 5.00 eV and 5.10 eV.

6. An opto-electronic device according to claim 1 , wherein said perovskite semiconductor active layer consists essentially of at least one perovskite that satisfies the formula ABX 3 ,

wherein A is at least one of CH 3 NH 3 and NH 2 CHNH 2 ,

wherein B is at least one of PB and Sn, and

wherein X is at least one of Cl, Br and I.

7. An opto-electronic device according to claim 1 , wherein said perovskite semiconductor active layer has a thickness between about 315 nm and about 325 nm.

8. An opto-electronic device according to claim 1 , wherein said perovskite semiconductor active layer comprises a plurality of crystals, and wherein each of said plurality of crystals has a width greater than 1 μm.

9. An opto-electronic device according to claim 1 , wherein said perovskite semiconductor active layer comprises a plurality of crystals, and wherein each of said plurality of crystals has a width that is greater than a thickness of said perovskite semiconductor active layer.

10. An opto-electronic device according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of said first and second electrodes is a transparent electrode.

11. An opto-electronic device according to claim 1 , wherein said opto-electronic device is at least one of a photovoltaic cell, an optical detector, a radiation detector, a light emitting diode (LED), a laser and a memory device.

12. An opto-electronic device according to claim 1 , wherein said opto-electronic device has a normalized power conversion efficiency that remains substantially constant over a period of 20 days.

13. A method of producing an opto-electronic device, comprising:

providing a substrate;

forming a first electrode on said substrate;

forming a first buffer layer on said first electrode;

forming a perovskite semiconductor active layer on said first buffer layer;

forming a second buffer layer on said perovskite semiconductor active layer; and

forming a second electrode on said second buffer layer,

wherein said first buffer layer has a thickness between about 75 nm and about 85 nm,

wherein said second buffer layer has a thickness between about 65 nm and about 75 nm, and

wherein said first buffer layer is nickel oxide and said second buffer layer is zinc oxide.

14. A method of producing an opto-electronic device according to claim 13 , further comprising treating said perovskite semiconductor active layer with at least one of an exposure to air for less than one hour, exposure to oxygen, exposure to ultraviolet light, moisture exposure and thermal annealing with a temperature less than 120° C.

15. A method of producing an opto-electronic device according to claim 13 , wherein forming a perovskite semiconductor active layer on said first buffer layer comprises:

forming a layer of PbI 2 on said first buffer layer;

coating said PbI 2 layer with a CH 3 NH 3 I solution; and

annealing said CH 3 NH 3 I solution coated PbI 2 layer to form said perovskite semiconductor active layer.