Monolithically integrated InGaN/GaN quantum nanowire devices
InGaN/GaN quantum layer nanowire light emitting diodes are fabricated into a single cluster capable of exhibiting a wide spectral output range. The nanowires having InGaN/GaN quantum layers formed of quantum dots are tuned to different output wavelengths using different nanowire diameters, for example, to achieve a full spectral output range covering the entire visible spectrum for display applications. The entire cluster is formed using a monolithically integrated fabrication technique that employs a single-step selective area epitaxy growth.
1. A device comprising:
a plurality of nanowires, each nanowire of the plurality of nanowires comprising:
a first portion comprising a first semiconductor comprising a group III element and doped to be n-type,
a second portion comprising the first semiconductor comprising a quantum structure comprising indium, and
a third portion comprising the first semiconductor comprising the group III element and doped to be p-type;
wherein the plurality of nanowires comprise a first nanowire having a first effective diameter and a second nanowire having a second effective diameter that is less than the first effective diameter, wherein the plurality of nanowires further comprise a third nanowire having a third effective diameter that is less than the second effective diameter, and wherein the first nanowire comprises quantum dots that are semi-polar-shaped, the second nanowire comprises quantum dots that are arch-shaped, and the third nanowire comprises quantum dots that are flat-disk-shaped.
2. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the group III element is gallium, and wherein the first semiconductor material is gallium nitride.
3. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the quantum structure is a quantum active layer structure comprising alternating layers of Indium Gallium Nitride and Gallium Nitride (InGaN/GaN).
4. The device according to claim 3 , wherein the quantum active layer structure comprises InGaN/GaN quantum dot layers.
5. The device according to claim 4 , wherein each nanowire of the plurality of nanowires comprises a light emitting diode.
6. The device according to claim 1 , wherein each nanowire of the plurality of nanowires has a cross-section having a shape selected from the group consisting of: cylindrical, hexagonal, rectangular, and triangular.
7. The device according to claim 1 , wherein each nanowire of the plurality of nanowires is capped with a respective electrode extending laterally from the nanowire, wherein each respective electrode comprises a metallic layer, a transparent conductive layer adjacent to the metallic layer, and a metallic grid layer adjacent to the transparent conductive layer.
8. The device according to claim 1 , wherein there is a first concentration of the indium in the second portion of the first nanowire, and wherein there is a second concentration of the indium in the second portion of the second nanowire, wherein the second concentration is greater than the first concentration.
9. A device comprising:
a plurality of stand-alone nanowires collectively formed as a cluster using a monolithically integrated fabrication technique, each nanowire of the plurality of stand-alone nanowires having a different effective diameter and each nanowire of the plurality of stand-alone nanowires emitting a photonic output at a different respective wavelength, wherein the plurality of stand-alone nanowires comprises:
a first nanowire having a first effective diameter;
a second nanowire having a second effective diameter that is less than the first effective diameter; and
a third nanowire having a third effective diameter that is less than the second effective diameter, wherein the first nanowire comprises quantum dots that are semi-polar-shaped, the second nanowire comprises quantum dots that are arch-shaped, and the third nanowire comprises quantum dots that are flat-disk-shaped.
10. The device according to claim 9 , wherein the device comprises a multi-colored solid-state light source.
11. The device according to claim 9 , wherein each nanowire of the plurality of stand-alone nanowires comprises a quantum active layer structure comprising alternating layers of Indium Gallium Nitride and Gallium Nitride (InGaN/GaN).
12. The device according to claim 11 , wherein each quantum active layer structure in each nanowire of the plurality of stand-alone nanowires comprises InGaN/GaN quantum dot layers.
13. The device according to claim 12 , wherein each nanowire of the plurality of stand-alone nanowires comprises a light emitting diode emitting at the different respective wavelength.
14. The device according to claim 9 , wherein at least (i) one nanowire is configured to emit at a wavelength in a blue spectral range, (ii) one nanowire is configured to emit at a wavelength in a red spectral range, (iii) one nanowire is configured to emit at a wavelength in a green spectral range, and (iv) one nanowire is configured to emit at a wavelength in an orange spectral range.
15. The device according to claim 9 , further comprising a plurality of dedicated electric contacts, one for each nanowire of the plurality of stand-alone nanowires, and configured such that an intensity of photonic output for each nanowire of the plurality of stand-alone nanowires is individually controllable through electrical current injection into a respective dedicated electric contact.
16. The device according to claim 15 , wherein each respective dedicated electric contact extends laterally from a nanowire and comprises a metallic layer, a transparent conductive layer adjacent to the metallic layer, and a metallic grid layer adjacent to the transparent conductive layer.
17. The device according to claim 9 , wherein the first nanowire comprises a layer having a first concentration of indium and the second nanowire comprises a layer having a second concentration of indium that is greater than the first concentration.