Lithium stuffed garnet setter plates for solid electrolyte fabrication
Setter plates are fabricated from Li-stuffed garnet materials having the same, or substantially similar, compositions as a garnet Li-stuffed solid electrolyte. The Li-stuffed garnet setter plates, set forth herein, reduce the evaporation of Li during a sintering treatment step and/or reduce the loss of Li caused by diffusion out of the sintering electrolyte. Li-stuffed garnet setter plates, set forth herein, maintain compositional control over the solid electrolyte during sintering when, upon heating, lithium is prone to diffuse out of the solid electrolyte.
1. A method of using a setter plate to fabricate a Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte film for a rechargeable battery, the method comprising:
placing a green film comprising unsintered Li-stuffed garnet between two setter plates; and
sintering the green film between and in contact with the two setter plates;
wherein each of the two setter plates comprises at least two members selected from the group consisting of Li 2 ZrO 3 , Li 2 SiO 3 , LiLaO 2 , LiAlO 2 , Li 2 O, Li 3 PO 4 , and a Li-stuffed garnet compound characterized by the formula Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 4<A<8.5, 1.5<B<4, 0≤C≤2, 0≤D≤2; 0≤E<2, 10<F<13, and M′ and M″ are each, independently selected from Al, Mo, W, Nb, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, Rb, and Ta; wherein at least one setter plate comprises a Li-stuffed garnet;
wherein the thickness of each of the two setter plates is about 0.1 mm to about 100 mm.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising placing a metal foil or metal powder between at least one setter plate and the green film prior to the sintering the green film.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the green film has a surface defined by a first lateral dimension from 1 cm to 50 cm and a second lateral dimension from 1 cm to 50 cm.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sintering comprises heating the green film and the two setter plates and exposing the green film and the two setter plates to an Argon:H 2 mixed atmosphere.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced is less than 100 microns thick and more than 1 nm thick.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced has an ASR between 0.5 Ω·cm 2 to 10 Ω·cm 2 at 50° C.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the green film is a tape-cast film.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a sintering atmosphere comprises Air, Argon, Nitrogen, an Argon:H 2 mixture, or an Argon:H 2 :H 2 O mixture.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein the metal is Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Ag, an alloy of Ni, an alloy of Cu, an alloy of Fe, an alloy of Al, an alloy of Ag, or a combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the green film has a thickness between 1 μm to about 100 μm.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sintering comprises heating the green film and the two setter plates to between 450° C. and 1300° C.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced is less than 50 μm thick.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing a rechargeable battery comprising the Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte.
14. A method of using a Li-stuffed garnet setter plate to fabricate a Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte film for a rechargeable battery, the method comprising:
placing a green film of unsintered Li-stuffed garnet precursor materials on top of a Li-stuffed garnet setter plate,
wherein the Li-stuffed garnet setter plate comprises a lithium-stuffed garnet characterized by the formula Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 4<A<8.5, 1.5<B<4, 0≤C≤2, 0≤D≤2; 0≤E<2, 10<F<13, and M′ and M″ are each, independently selected from Al, Mo, W, Nb, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, Rb, and Ta and at least one member selected from the group consisting of Li 2 ZrO 3 , Li 2 SiO 3 , LiLaO 2 , LiAlO 2 , Li 2 O, Li 3 PO 4 , and a Li-stuffed garnet compound characterized by the formula Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 4<A<8.5, 1.5<B<4, 0≤C≤2, 0≤D≤2; 0≤E<2, 10<F<13, and M′ and M″ are each, independently selected from Al, Mo, W, Nb, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, Rb, and Ta; and
sintering the green film on top of the Li-stuffed garnet setter plate to form a sintered garnet film.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising placing a metal foil or metal powder between at least one setter plate and the green film prior to the sintering the green film.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the metal is Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Ag, an alloy of Ni, an alloy of Cu, an alloy of Fe, an alloy of Al, an alloy of Ag, or a combination thereof.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the green film has a surface defined by a first lateral dimension from 1 cm to 50 cm and a second lateral dimension from 1 cm to 50 cm.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the green film has a surface defined by a first lateral dimension from 1 cm to 30 cm and a second lateral dimension from 1 cm to 30 cm.
19. The method of claim 14 , wherein the green film has a thickness between 1 μm to about 100 μm.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the green film has a thickness between 1 μm to 80 μm.
21. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintering comprises heating the green film and Li-stuffed garnet setter plate to between 450° C. and 1300° C.
22. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintering comprises exposing, during the heating, the green film and the Li-stuffed garnet setter plate to an Argon:H 2 mixed atmosphere.
23. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintering comprises exposing, during the heating, the green film and the Li-stuffed garnet setter plate to an Argon atmosphere.
24. The method of claim 14 , wherein the green film is a tape-cast green film.
25. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintering comprises exposing, during the heating, the tape-cast green film and the Li-stuffed garnet setter plate to an Argon:H 2 H 2 O mixed atmosphere.
26. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced is less than 100 microns thick and more than 1 nm thick.
27. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced is less than 80 microns thick.
28. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced is less than 70 microns thick.
29. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced is less than 60 microns thick.
30. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced is less than 50 microns thick.
31. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced is less than 40 microns thick.
32. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced is less than 30 microns thick.
33. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced is less than 20 microns thick.
34. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced has an ASR from between 0.5 Ω·cm 2 to 10 Ω·cm 2 at 50° C.
35. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced has an ASR from less than 10 Ω·cm 2 at 50° C.
36. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced has an ASR from less than 10 Ω·cm 2 at 0° C.
37. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced has an ASR from less than 20 Ω·cm 2 at −30° C.
38. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced has an ASR from less than 20 Ω·cm 2 at −30° C. but more than 1 Ω·cm 2 .
39. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced has a thickness of 80 μm and has an ASR from less than 10 Ω·cm 2 at 50° C.
40. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced has a surface roughness from 1.0 μm Ra to 4 μm Ra, wherein Ra is an arithmetic average of absolute values of sampled surface roughness amplitudes.
41. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced has a surface roughness from 1.6 μm Ra to 2.2 μm Ra, wherein Ra is an arithmetic average of absolute values of sampled surface roughness amplitudes.
42. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintered Li-stuffed garnet solid electrolyte produced has a surface roughness from 3.2 μm Ra to 3.7 μm Ra, wherein Ra is an arithmetic average of absolute values of sampled surface roughness amplitudes.
43. The method of claim 14 , further comprising seasoning the Li-stuffed garnet setter plate by using the setter plate at least once in a sintering cycle prior to the step of placing a tape-cast film of unsintered Li-stuffed garnet precursor materials on top of the Li-stuffed garnet setter plate.
44. The method of claim 14 , further comprising seasoning the Li-stuffed garnet setter plate by using the setter plate at least once in a heating and cooling (thermal) cycle prior to the step of placing a tape-cast film of unsintered Li-stuffed garnet precursor materials on the Li-stuffed garnet setter plate.
45. The method of claim 14 , further comprising using the Li-stuffed garnet setter plate at least once in a seasoning sintering cycle for enlarging a grain size in the Li-stuffed garnet setter plate.
46. A method of sintering a green film comprising a Li-stuffed garnet or the chemical precursors to a Li-stuffed garnet, comprising:
providing a green film comprising a Li-stuffed garnet or the chemical precursors to a Li-stuffed garnet; and
sintering the green film in proximity to a Li-stuffed garnet setter such that the setter prevents the loss of Li from the sintering green film,
wherein the Li-stuffed garnet setter comprises a lithium-stuffed garnet characterized by the formula Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 4<A<8.5, 1.5<B<4, 0≤C≤2, 0≤D≤2; 0≤E<2, 10<F<13, and M′ and M″ are each, independently selected from Al, Mo, W, Nb, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, Rb, and Ta and at least one member selected from the group consisting of Li 2 ZrO 3 , Li 2 SiO 3 , LiLaO 2 , LiAlO 2 , Li 2 O, Li 3 PO 4 , and a Li-stuffed garnet compound characterized by the formula Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 4<A<8.5, 1.5<B<4, 0≤C≤2, 0≤D≤2; 0≤E<2, 10<F<13, and M′ and M″ are each, independently selected from Al, Mo, W, Nb, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, Rb, and Ta.
47. The method of claim 46 , wherein the green film is on top of at least one Li-stuffed garnet setter.
48. The method of claim 46 , further comprising placing a metal foil or metal powder between the setter and the green film prior to the sintering the green film.
49. The method of claim 48 , wherein the metal is Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Ag, an alloy of Ni, an alloy of Cu, an alloy of Fe, an alloy of Al, an alloy of Ag, or a combination thereof.
50. The method of claim 46 , wherein the green film has a surface defined by a first lateral dimension from 1 cm to 50 cm and a second lateral dimension from 1 cm to 50 cm.
51. A method of sintering a green film comprising a Li-stuffed garnet or the chemical precursors to a Li-stuffed garnet, comprising:
providing a green film comprising a Li-stuffed garnet or the chemical precursors to a Li-stuffed garnet; and
sintering the green film in proximity to a Li-stuffed garnet setter such that the setter maintains the amount of Li in the sintering green film,
wherein the Li-stuffed garnet setter comprises a lithium-stuffed garnet characterized by the formula Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 4<A<8.5, 1.5<B<4, 0≤C≤2, 0≤D≤2; 0≤E<2, 10<F<13, and M′ and M″ are each, independently selected from Al, Mo, W, Nb, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, Rb, and Ta and at least one member selected from the group consisting of Li 2 ZrO 3 , Li 2 SiO 3 , LiLaO 2 , LiAlO 2 , Li 2 O, Li 3 PO 4 , and a Li-stuffed garnet compound characterized by the formula Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 4<A<8.5, 1.5<B<4, 0≤C≤2, 0≤D≤2; 0≤E<2, 10<F<13, and M′ and M″ are each, independently selected from Al, Mo, W, Nb, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, Rb, and Ta.
52. The method of claim 51 , wherein the green film is on top of at least one Li-stuffed garnet setter.
53. The method of claim 51 , further comprising placing a metal foil or metal powder between the setter and the green film prior to the sintering the green film.
54. The method of claim 53 , wherein the metal is Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Ag, an alloy of Ni, an alloy of Cu, an alloy of Fe, an alloy of Al, an alloy of Ag, or a combination thereof.
55. The method of claim 51 , wherein the green film has a surface defined by a first lateral dimension from 1 cm to 50 cm and a second lateral dimension from 1 cm to 50 cm.
56. A method of sintering a green film comprising a Li-stuffed garnet or the chemical precursors to a Li-stuffed garnet, comprising:
providing a green film comprising a Li-stuffed garnet or the chemical precursors to a Li-stuffed garnet; and
sintering the green film in proximity to a Li-stuffed garnet setter such that the setter maintains the amount of Li in the sintering green film,
wherein the Li-stuffed garnet setter comprises a lithium-stuffed garnet characterized by the formula Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 4<A<8.5, 1.5<B<4, 0≤C≤2, 0≤D≤2; 0≤E<2, 10<F<13, and M′ and M″ are each, independently selected from Al, Mo, W, Nb, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, Rb, and Ta and at least one member selected from the group consisting of Li 2 ZrO 3 , Li 2 SiO 3 , LiLaO 2 , LiAlO 2 , Li 2 O, Li 3 PO 4 , and a Li-stuffed garnet compound characterized by the formula Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 4<A<8.5, 1.5<B<4, 0≤C≤2, 0≤D≤2; 0≤E<2, 10<F<13, and M′ and M″ are each, independently selected from Al, Mo, W, Nb, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, Rb, and Ta;
wherein the sintering is in an oven or furnace wherein the partial pressure of Li(g) LiO(g), and/or Li 2 O(g) is between 10 and 10 −5 Pascals (Pa).
57. The method of claim 56 , wherein the green film is on top of at least one Li-stuffed garnet setter.
58. The method of claim 56 , further comprising placing a metal foil or metal powder between the setter plate and the green film prior to the sintering the green film.
59. The method of claim 58 , wherein the metal is Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Ag, an alloy of Ni, an alloy of Cu, an alloy of Fe, an alloy of Al, an alloy of Ag, or a combination thereof.
60. The method of claim 56 , wherein the green film has a surface defined by a first lateral dimension from 1 cm to 50 cm and a second lateral dimension from 1 cm to 50 cm.