Techniques for detecting cancerous cells in excised tissue samples using impedance detection

1. A method for detecting cancerous cells in a sample of excised tissue, the method comprising:

electrically connecting, by a switching circuit connected to an electrode array, a first subset of electrodes;

measuring, by the first subset of electrodes at a first set of operating frequencies, a first set of electrical properties corresponding to a first section of the sample, wherein the switching circuit connects a second subset of electrodes included in the electrode array to a separate set of one or more contacts when the first subset of electrodes measures the first set of electrical properties;

computing, from the first set of electrical properties, a first set of impedances;

computing, from the first set of impedances, a first Cole relaxation frequency for the first section of the sample;

comparing the first Cole relaxation frequency to a first threshold; and

determining, when the first Cole relaxation frequency exceeds the first threshold, that the first section of the sample contains cancerous cells.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising

measuring, by a third subset of electrodes included in the electrode array at the first set of operating frequencies, a second set of electrical properties corresponding to a second section of the sample,

wherein the switching circuit connects a fourth subset of electrodes included in the electrode array to the separate set of one or more contacts when the third set of electrodes measures the second set of electrical properties.

3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:

computing, from the second set of electrical properties, a second set of impedances;

computing, from the second set of impedances, a second Cole relaxation frequency for the second section of the sample;

comparing the second Cole relaxation frequency to the first threshold;

determining, when the second Cole relaxation frequency exceeds the first threshold, that the second section of the tissue contains cancerous cells; and

determining, based on a position of the first section within the sample and a position of the second section within the sample, one or more positions of cancerous cells in the sample.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

measuring by a third subset of electrodes included in the electrode array at the first set of operating frequencies, a second set of electrical properties corresponding to the first section of the sample, wherein the switching circuit connects a fourth subset of electrodes included in the electrode array to the separate set of one or more contacts when the third subset of electrodes measures the second set of electrical properties;

computing, from the second set of electrical properties, a second set of impedances;

computing, from the second set of impedances, a second Cole relaxation frequency for the first section of the sample;

determining, when the second Cole relaxation frequency exceeds the first threshold, that the first section of the tissue contains cancerous cells; and

determining, based on a position of the first section within the sample, one or more positions of cancerous cells in the sample.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first Cole relaxation frequency comprises an average rate of electrical discharge associated with a plurality of cell membranes included in the first section of the sample.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein measuring the first set of electrical properties corresponding to the first section of the sample comprises:

injecting, at a first electrode included in the first subset of electrodes, a first alternating current at a first operating frequency included in the first set of operating frequencies;

returning, at a second electrode included in the first subset of electrodes, the first alternating current; and

measuring, at one or more electrodes located in between the first electrode and the second electrode, a voltage associated with the first section of the sample as the alternating current passes through the first section of the sample.

7. An apparatus for detecting cancerous cells in a sample of excised tissue, the apparatus comprising:

an electrode array comprising:

a first subset of electrodes that measures, at a first set of operating frequencies, a first set of electrical properties corresponding to of a first section of the sample; and

a second subset of electrodes that are connected to a separate set of one or more contacts when the first subset of electrodes measures the first set of electrical properties; and

a switching circuit connected to the electrode array that:

electrically connects the first subset of electrodes; and

connects the second subset of electrodes to the separate set of one or more contacts;

an analyzer that:

computes, from the first set of electrical properties, a first set of impedances;

computes, from the first set of impedances, a first Cole relaxation frequency for the first section of the sample;

compares the first Cole relaxation frequency to a first threshold; and

determines, when the first Cole relaxation frequency exceeds the first threshold, that the first section of the sample contains cancerous cells.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first subset of electrodes comprises:

a first electrode;

a second electrode parallel to the first electrode; and

a third electrode parallel to the first and second electrode, wherein a first distance between the first electrode and second electrode is equal to a second distance between the second electrode and third electrode.

9. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first subset of the electrodes comprises:

a first electrode configured to inject a first alternating current at a first operating frequency included in the first set of operating frequencies;

a second electrode configured to return the first alternating current; and

at least one third electrode located in between the first electrode and the second electrode,

wherein the at least one third electrode is configured to measure a voltage associated with the first section of the sample as the alternating current passes through the first section of the sample.

10. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein:

the switching circuit includes a plurality of micro relays, and

each micro relay included in the plurality of micro relays is connected to a separate electrode in the electrode array.

11. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein:

the electrode array includes a third subset of electrodes included in the electrode array that measures, at the set of first operating frequencies, a second set of electrical properties corresponding to a second section of the sample; and

further comprising a controller that:

electrically connects, via the switching circuit, the first subset of electrodes when measuring the first set of electrical properties, and

electrically connects, via the switching circuit, the third subset of electrodes when measuring the second set of electrical properties.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein a first electrical path length for the first subset of electrodes is equal to a second electrical path length for the third subset of electrodes.

13. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first set of operating frequencies includes a frequency between 1 kHz and 25 MHz.

14. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein at least one electrode in the electrode array comprises a platinum electrode.

15. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein each electrode in the electrode array comprises a non-invasive electrode that is substantially flat when contacting the sample.

16. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media including instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the steps of:

receiving, from a first subset of electrodes included in an electrode array measuring at a first set of operating frequencies, a first set of electrical properties corresponding to a first section of a sample of excised tissue, wherein:

a switching circuit, connected to the electrode array, electrically connects the first subset of electrodes; and

the switching circuit connects a second subset of electrodes included in the electrode array separate set of one or more contacts when the first subset of electrodes measures the first set of electrical properties;

computing, from the first set of electrical properties, a first set of impedances;

computing, from the first set of impedances, a first Cole relaxation frequency for the first section of the sample; and

comparing the first Cole relaxation frequency to a first threshold; and

determining, when the first Cole relaxation frequency exceeds the first threshold, that the first section of the sample contains cancerous cells.

17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 16 , further including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the steps of:

receiving, from a third subset of electrodes included in the electrode array measuring at the first set of operating frequencies, a second set of electrical properties corresponding to a second section of the sample, wherein:

the switching circuit electrically connects the third subset of electrodes; and

the switching circuit connects a fourth subset of electrodes included in the electrode array to the separate set of one or more contacts when the third subset of electrodes measures the second set of electrical properties;

computing, from the second set of electrical properties, a second set of impedances;

computing, from the second set of impedances, a second Cole relaxation frequency for the second section of the sample;

comparing the second Cole relaxation frequency to the first threshold;

determining, when the second Cole relaxation frequency exceeds the first threshold, that the second section of the tissue contains cancerous cells; and

determining, based on a position of the first section within the sample and a position of the second section within the sample, one or more positions of cancerous cells in the sample.

18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 16 , further including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the step of:

receiving, from a third subset of electrodes included in the electrode array measuring at the first set of operating frequencies, a second set of electrical properties corresponding to a second section of the sample, wherein:

the switching circuit electrically connects the third subset of electrodes; and

the switching circuit connects a fourth subset of electrodes included in the electrode array to the separate set of one or more contacts when the third subset of electrodes measures the second set of electrical properties;

computing, from the second set of electrical properties, a second set of impedances;

computing, from the second set of impedances, a second Cole relaxation frequency for the first section of the sample;

comparing the second Cole relaxation frequency to the first threshold;

determining, when the second Cole relaxation frequency exceeds the first threshold, that the first section of the tissue contains cancerous cells based on the second Cole relaxation frequency; and

determining, based on a position of the first section within the sample, one or more positions of cancerous cells in the sample.