Nano-featured porous silicon materials
Porous silicon and methods for preparation and use of the same are disclosed. The porous silicon materials have utility either alone or in combination with other materials, for example, combined with carbon particles for energy storage applications.
1. A method for producing nano-featured porous silicon particles comprising:
a) heating particles of a silicon metal alloy at a temperature between 350 and 850° C. in the presence of nitrogen;
b) holding a mixture of an etching gas comprising chlorine, hydrochloric acid, fluorine, or combinations thereof, and the particles of the silicon metal alloy at a temperature between 350 and 850° C., to allow for creation of a metal chloride, metal fluoride, or combinations thereof; and
c) cooling the mixture, and removing the metal chloride, metal fluoride, or combinations thereof, to yield the nano-featured porous silicon particles.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the silicon metal alloy comprises Al—Si.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture is held at a temperature between 450 and 550°.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the etching gas comprises chlorine.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the etching gas comprises hydrochloric acid.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the etching gas comprises fluorine.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heating and holding is performed in a kiln or fluidized bed reactor.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the kiln is a roller hearth kiln, rotary kiln, or elevator kiln.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise a skeletal density less than 2.2 g/cm 3 , as measured by helium pcynometry.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise a friability greater than 10%.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise a characteristic thickness of nano features of less than 300 nm.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise a characteristic distance between silicon nano features of less than 300 nm.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise a specific surface area between 30 and 230 m 2 /g and a pore volume between 0.1 and 0.5 cm 3 /g.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise less than 40% micropores, between 30 and 40% mesopores, and between 20 and 30% macropores.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise less than 20% micropores, between 30 and 60% mesopores, and between 20 and 50% macropores.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise less than 10% micropores, between 40 and 70% mesopores, and between 20 and 50% macropores.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise less than 5% micropores, between 40 and 50% mesopores, and between 40 and 50% macropores.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise less than 2% micropores, between 40 and 50% mesopores, and between 50 and 60% macropores.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles exhibit a capacity of at least 1600 mAh/g and an average Coulombic efficiency of at least 0.98 when tested in a lithium ion half-cell cycled between 0.8 V and 0.005 V, where the counter electrode is lithium metal, the electrolyte comprises 1M LiPF 6 in a solvent comprised of 2:1 iethylene carbonate: diethyl carbonate (EC:DEC) and 10% (w/w) fluoroethylenecarbonate (FEC) and employing a polypropylene separator.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles exhibit a capacity of at least 2300 mAh/g and an average Coulombic efficiency of at least 0.97.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise an oxygen content from 1 to 20% by weight, and an aluminum content from 1 to 30% by weight.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise a Dv50 less than 1000 nm.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise a surface area of 30 to 120 m 2 /g, a pore volume of 0.08 to 0.3 cm 3 /g, wherein the pore volume comprises 5 to 40% micropores, 35-70% mesopores, and 30-60% macropores.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-featured porous silicon particles comprise a surface area of 30 to 120 m 2 /g, and a pore volume of 0.09 to 0.18 cm 3 /g, wherein the pore volume is comprised of 5 to 15% micropores, 45-55% mesopores, and 30-45% macropores.