System, method and apparatus for non-mechanical optical and photonic beam steering
This disclosure teaches a thin film beam steering system comprising either flat or tilted transparent electrodes on one side of the electro-optical crystal layer and a transparent ground electrode on the other side. There is an insulator between each adjacent electrode which can be inserted all the way or partially through the EO crystal layer. A mirror layer can also be attached to the ground electrode. The refractive index of the EO crystal layer is changeable as a function of varying an applied voltage generated by the voltage supply and applied to the EO crystal layer. The disclosure also includes bulk crystal beam steering systems to steer a beam in 2 dimensions and to a wider angle.
1. A beam steering device, comprising:
at least one electro-optical (EO) crystal layer having a first side and an opposing second side;
at least two electrodes arranged along the first side;
at least one ground electrode arranged along the second side; and
at least one insulator arranged to extend at least partially into the EO crystal layer, the at least one insulator positioned between adjacent ones of the at least two electrodes arranged along the first side;
wherein a first one of the adjacent electrodes is constructed to impose a first voltage to change an index of refraction sufficient to cause a first optical path delay (OPD) change to a beam of light traveling through the EO crystal layer, and wherein a second one of the adjacent electrodes is constructed to impose a second voltage to cause a second OPD change to the beam of light traveling through the EO crystal layer, and wherein the first voltage is distinct from the second voltage.
2. The beam steering device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one crystal layer comprises a material selected from a group of materials comprising EO crystals, a crystal layer, multiple crystal layers, an EO crystal layer, multiple EO crystal layers, liquid crystals, crystals with a linear change in index of refraction with respect to an applied electric field, and crystals with a quadratic change in index of refraction with respect to an applied electric field.
3. The beam steering device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one insulator is located to reduce the spread of an electric field between the at least two electrodes.
4. The beam steering device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one crystal layer comprises a material capable of having a change in index of refraction when an electric current is applied to the material.
5. The beam steering device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one ground electrode comprises a series of electrodes where at least one of the electrodes in the series of electrodes is set at a non-zero value.
6. The beam steering device of claim 1 further comprising a mirror layer arranged along the at least one ground electrode, the at least one ground electrode arranged between the at least one crystal layer and the mirror layer.
7. The beam steering device of claim 1 , wherein the at least two electrodes comprise at least two tilted electrodes.
8. The beam steering device of claim 1 , wherein the at least two electrodes comprise a set of discrete, transparent electrodes.
9. The beam steering device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one crystal layer comprises a ceramic EO crystal.
10. The beam steering device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one crystal layer comprises a ferroelectric crystal.
11. The beam steering device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one crystal layer does not comprise a liquid crystal.