Cathode materials for Li—S batteries
Compositions and methods of producing composite materials for use as a cathode in electrochemical cells. Elemental sulfur is mixed with tungsten sulfide (WS 2 ) to form a composite mixture. Organic comonomers may be added to the composite mixture. The composite mixture is reacted to form the composite material. Electrochemical cells with cathodes containing the composite material demonstrated improved battery performance.
1. A composite material comprising:
at least about 50 wt % sulfur derived from elemental sulfur (S 8 ); and
about 5-50 wt % tungsten sulfide (WS 2 );
wherein the elemental sulfur is heated to a liquid;
wherein the liquid elemental sulfur and WS 2 react to produce the composite material.
2. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein WS 2 is dispersed in the sulfur.
3. The composite material of claim 1 , further comprising about 5-10 wt % of one or more comonomers selected from a group consisting of ethylenically unsaturated comonomers, styrenic comonomers, vinylic comonomers, methacrylate comonomers, acrylonitrile comonomers, allylic monomers, acrylate monomers, vinylpyridine monomers, isobutylene monomers, maleimide monomers, norbornene monomers, monomers having at least one vinyl ether moiety, and monomers having at least one isopropenyl moiety.
4. The composite material of claim 3 , wherein the sulfur and the one or more comonomers form a sulfur copolymer with WS 2 dispersed therein.
5. The composite material of claim 3 , wherein the one or more comonomers are 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene comonomers.
6. An active material for use in a battery electrode, said active material comprising the composite material of claim 1 .
7. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a. an anode comprising lithium;
b. a cathode comprising a composite material comprising at least about 50 wt % sulfur derived from S 8 , and about 5-50 wt % tungsten sulfide (WS 2 ), wherein the elemental sulfur is heated to a liquid, wherein the liquid elemental sulfur and WS 2 react to produce the composite material; and
c. a non-aqueous electrolyte interposed between the cathode and the anode.
8. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein the composite material is capable of generating soluble additive species in-situ upon discharge, wherein the soluble additive species are co-deposited with lower sulfide discharge products onto the cathode by an electrochemical reaction or a non-electrochemical reaction.
9. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein the electrochemical cell has a capacity of about 500 to 1,400 mAh/g.
10. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein in the composite material, WS 2 is dispersed in the sulfur.
11. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein the composite material further comprises about 5-10 wt % of one or more comonomers selected from a group consisting of ethylenically unsaturated comonomers, styrenic comonomers, vinylic comonomers, methacrylate comonomers, acrylonitrile comonomers, allylic monomers, acrylate monomers, vinylpyridine monomers, isobutylene monomers, maleimide monomers, norbornene monomers, monomers having at least one vinyl ether moiety, and monomers having at least one isopropenyl moiety.
12. The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the sulfur and the one or more comonomers form a sulfur copolymer with WS 2 dispersed therein.
13. The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the one or more comonomers are 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene comonomers.
14. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein the cathode further comprises an elemental carbon material dispersed in the composite material.
15. A composite material comprising at least about 50 wt % sulfur derived from elemental sulfur (S 8 ), and about 5-50 wt % tungsten sulfide (WS 2 ); wherein the composite material is a vitrified material.