Biosensor, process for its preparation and method for detecting an analyte using the biosensor
A biosensor has the following components: a sensor base with an insulating substrate and at least one electrically conductive working electrode arranged thereon, in particular formed from separately controllable interdigital electrodes, reduced graphene applied to at least one working electrode, a spacer covalently bound to the reduced graphene, and an antibody fragment Fab covalently bound to the spacer. There is also described a process for producing the biosensor, a biochip equipped with the sensor and a method of detecting an analyte using the biosensor/biochip.
1. A biosensor, comprising:
(a) a sensor base having an insulating substrate and at least one electrically conductive working electrode disposed on said insulating substrate;
(b) reduced graphene applied to at least one said working electrode;
(c) a plurality of spacers having mutually different lengths covalently bound to said reduced graphene; and
(d) a capture molecule covalently bound to each of said spacers.
2. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein said capture molecule is an antibody fragment Fab or an L-aptamer.
3. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein components (b) to (d) are arranged on said working electrode, and wherein at least one of:
the biosensor further comprises a reference electrode, or said working electrode is formed of interdigital electrodes to which alternating current can be applied.
4. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein said spacers are formed by reacting terminally aminated polyalkylene glycol molecules having different lengths and/or polyalkylene polyamine molecules having different lengths first with said graphene and then with said capture molecule.
5. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein a covalent bond between said spacer and said capture molecule is formed by reacting a carboxyl group of an antibody fragment Fab as said capture molecule with an amino group of a spacer of said plurality of spacers or by reacting an azidoacetyl chloride-acidified amino group with a DNA or RNA molecule as said capture molecule.
6. The biosensor according to claim 1 , obtained by the following process steps:
providing a sensor base having an insulating substrate and at least one electrically conductive working electrode arranged thereon;
providing reduced graphene to which spacers are covalently bound;
applying the spacer-functionalized reduced graphene to the at least one working electrode; and
reacting a capture molecule with the product obtained in the applying step.
7. A biochip, comprising a chip carrying a biosensor according to claim 1 .
8. A method of detecting an analyte, the method comprising:
contacting an analyte present in a liquid medium with a biosensor according to claim 1 or with a biochip according to claim 7 and subsequently measuring a change of an electrical property of the biosensor effected by an interaction of the analyte with the biosensor or biochip.
9. A biosensor obtained by the following process steps:
providing a sensor base having an insulating substrate and at least one electrically conductive working electrode arranged thereon;
providing reduced graphene;
covalently binding spacers to the reduced graphene to form a spacer-functionalized reduced graphene;
applying the spacer-functionalized reduced graphene to the at least one working electrode;
wherein the reduced graphene is dispersed in a solvent under ultrasonic treatment between the step of providing reduced graphene and the covalently binding step or between the covalently binding step and the applying step; and
reacting a capture molecule with the product obtained in the applying step.
10. A method of producing a biosensor, the method comprising the following steps:
providing a sensor base having an insulating substrate and at least one electrically conductive working electrode disposed on said sensor base;
providing reduced graphene functionalized with difunctional amino compounds of different lengths to form functionalized reduced graphene;
applying the functionalized reduced graphene to the at least one working electrode; and
reacting a capture molecule with the product obtained in the applying step.
11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the biosensor produced, comprises:
(a) a sensor base having an insulating substrate and at least one electrically conductive working electrode disposed on said insulating substrate;
(b) reduced graphene applied to at least one said working electrode;
(c) a plurality of spacers having mutually different lengths covalently bound to said reduced graphene; and
(d) a capture molecule covalently bound to each of said spacers.
12. A method of producing a biosensor, the method comprising the following steps:
providing a sensor base having an insulating substrate and at least one electrically conductive working electrode disposed on said insulating substrate;
providing reduced graphene;
functionalizing the reduced graphene with difunctional amino compounds to form functionalized reduced graphene;
applying the functionalized reduced graphene to the at least one working electrode;
dispersing the reduced graphene in a solvent under ultrasonic treatment between the step of providing reduced graphene and the functionalizing step or between the functionalizing step and the applying step; and
reacting a capture molecule with the product obtained in the applying step.
13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the applying step comprises applying the reduced graphene by electrophoretic deposition.
14. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the biosensor produced, comprises:
(a) a sensor base having an insulating substrate and at least one electrically conductive working electrode disposed on said insulating substrate;
(b) reduced graphene applied to at least one said working electrode;
(c) a plurality of spacers having mutually different lengths covalently bound to said reduced graphene; and
(d) a capture molecule covalently bound to each of said spacers.