Methods, devices, and systems for the fabrication of materials and tissues utilizing electromagnetic radiation

1. A method for printing a three-dimensional structure comprising:

providing a composition comprising biomaterial that cures after exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at or above 405 nm in a cartridge-extruder assembly of a bioprinter;

extruding the composition from the cartridge-extruder assembly onto a receiving plate positioned below the cartridge-extruder assembly; and

curing the extruded composition by applying EMR at a wavelength of about 405 nm or higher to the extruded composition.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising simultaneously extruding the composition and curing the extruded composition.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein curing the extruded composition by applying EMR to the extruded composition for between about 1 to 120 seconds.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

maintaining the temperature of at least one of the cartridge-extruder assembly and the receiving plate between about −10 to 300° C.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein extruding the composition from the cartridge-extruder assembly onto the receiving plate further comprises generating a pressure using at least one of a piston, compressed gas, hydraulics, air compressor, piezo-electronics, and inkjet dispensing extrusions.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, extruding a second composition from a second cartridge-extruder assembly onto the receiving plate.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the second composition from the second cartridge-extruder assembly comprises a second biomaterial that cures after exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at or above 405 nm or the second composition from the second cartridge-extruder assembly comprises the second biomaterial at a different concentration than a concentration of the biomaterial in the cartridge-extruder assembly.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the second composition from the second cartridge-extruder assembly comprises the second biomaterial that cures after exposure to EMR at or above 405 nm at the same concentration as a concentration of the biomaterial in the cartridge-extruder assembly.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said composition further comprises at least one of an extrusion agent which is curable at a wavelength of about 405 nm or greater, a photo-initiator which is curable at a wavelength of about 405 nm or greater, a viscosity agent, or a biocompatible agent.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said extrusion agent is at least one of polyoxyalkylene, diacrylate, methacrylate, norbornene, gelatin, methacrylate, methacrylated hyaluronic acid, hydroxyethyl-methacrylate-derivatized-dextran, p(HPMAm-lactate)-PEG, gold nanorods, carbon nanotubes, collagen, polyethylene oxide, poly-caprolactone, and poly(L)-lactic acid.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein said photo-initiator is lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate or one or more of the following: 2-Hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone, 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzoyl, Isopropanol-2-yl, phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl, and phenylphosphinoyl.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein said viscosity agent is at least one of poly(ethylene oxide), gelatin, Pluronic F-127, and hyaluronic acid.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the biocompatible agent comprises cells.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the extruded composition comprises a tissue structure configured for at least one of drug discovery and implantation.

15. A method for constructing a three-dimensional structure comprising:

providing, in a first cartridge-extruder assembly of a bioprinter, a first composition comprising structural materials that cure after exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at or above 405 nm;

providing, in a second cartridge-extruder assembly of the bioprinter, a second composition comprising biomaterials that cure after exposure to EMR at or above 405 nm;

extruding the first composition onto a receiving plate positioned below at least one of the first and second cartridge-extruder assemblies;

extruding the second composition onto the extruded first composition to form a multi-layered three-dimensional structure; and

curing the multi-layered three-dimensional structure by applying EMR at a wavelength of about 405 nm or higher.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein said second composition further comprises at least one of an extrusion agent which is curable at a wavelength of about 405 nm or greater, a photo-initiator which is curable at a wavelength of about 405 nm or greater, viscosity agent, or a biocompatible agent.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein said extrusion agent is at least one of polyoxyalkylene, diacrylate, methacrylate, norbornene, gelatin, methacrylate, methacrylated hyaluronic acid, hydroxyethyl-methacrylate-derivatized-dextran, p(HPMAm-lactate)-PEG, gold nanorods, carbon nanotubes, collagen, polyethylene oxide, poly-caprolactone, and poly(L)-lactic acid.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein said photo-initiator is lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate or one or more of the following: 2-Hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone, 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzoyl, Isopropanol-2-yl, phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl, and phenylphosphinoyl.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein said viscosity agent is at least one of poly(ethylene oxide), gelatin, Pluronic F-127, and hyaluronic acid.

20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the biocompatible agent comprises cells.