Transparent electrodes and electronic devices including the same
A transparent electrode including: a first layer including a thermosetting copolymer including a first repeating unit having an aromatic moiety as a pendant group or incorporated in a backbone of the copolymer and a second repeating unit capable of lowering a curing temperature, a combination of a first polymer including the first repeating unit and a second polymer including the second repeating unit, or a combination thereof; a second layer disposed directly on one side of the first layer, wherein the second layer includes graphene; and a third layer disposed on the second layer, wherein the third layer includes an electrically conductive metal nanowire.
1. A transparent electrode comprising:
a first layer comprising a thermosetting copolymer represented by Chemical Formula 3; wherein the first layer has a first side and a second side opposite to the first side;
a second layer disposed directly on the first side of the first layer, wherein the second layer consists of graphene;
a third layer disposed on the second layer, wherein the third layer comprises an electrically conductive metal nanowire; and
a flexible substrate disposed directly on the second side of the first layer;
wherein in Chemical Formula 3,
R1 is a hydroxyl group,
R2 is hydrogen or a C1 to C3 alkyl,
R3 is —COOR 4 , wherein R 4 is a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C10 alkyl group, and
x and y independently represent the number of respective repeating units.
2. The transparent electrode of claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the first layer is less than or equal to about 300 nanometers.
3. The transparent electrode of claim 2 , wherein a thickness of the first layer is about 50 nanometers to about 200 nanometers.
4. The transparent electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first layer further comprises a zinc-containing compound, a tin-containing compound, a gold-containing compound, an aryl amine, an arylimidazole, a curing agent, a nitric acid, or a combination thereof.
5. The transparent electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive metal nanowire comprises silver, copper, gold, aluminum, cobalt, palladium, or a combination thereof.
6. The transparent electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive metal nanowire has an average diameter of less than or equal to about 50 nanometers and an average length of greater than or equal to about 1 micrometer.
7. The transparent electrode of claim 1 , wherein the transparent electrode further comprises an overcoating layer disposed directly on the second layer,
wherein the overcoating layer comprises: the thermosetting copolymer, a combination of the first polymer and the second polymer, a urethane (meth)acrylate, a perfluoropolymer comprising a (meth)acrylate group, a poly(meth)acrylate comprising a (meth)acrylate group, an epoxy(meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.
8. The transparent electrode of claim 1 , wherein the transparent electrode further comprises an overcoating layer comprising a polymer disposed on the third layer.
9. The transparent electrode of claim 8 , wherein the overcoating layer comprises the thermosetting copolymer, the combination of the first polymer and the second polymer, a urethane (meth)acrylate, a perfluoropolymer comprising a (meth)acrylate group, a poly(meth)acrylate comprising a (meth)acrylate group, an epoxy(meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.
10. The transparent electrode of claim 1 , wherein the transparent electrode has light transmittance of greater than or equal to about 85% at a wavelength of 550 nanometers and sheet resistance of less than or equal to about 200 ohms per square.
11. An electronic device comprising the transparent electrode of claim 1 .
12. The electronic device of claim 11 , wherein the electronic device is a flat panel display, a touch screen panel, a solar cell, an e-window, an electrochromic mirror, a heat mirror, a transparent transistor, or a flexible display.