Physically guided rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry (“REIMS”)
A method is disclosed comprising obtaining physical or other non-mass spectrometric data from one or more regions of a target using a probe. The physical or other non-mass spectrometric data may be used to determine one or more regions of interest of the target. An ambient ionisation ion source may then used to generate an aerosol, smoke or vapour from one or more regions of the target.
1. A method comprising:
using one or more sensors to obtain or acquire physical non-mass spectrometric data from one or more regions of a target;
using said physical non-mass spectrometric data to determine one or more regions of interest of said target;
using a first device to generate aerosol, smoke or vapour from the one or more regions of interest of said target;
directing or aspirating at least some of said aerosol, smoke or vapour into a vacuum chamber of a mass spectrometer and/or ion mobility spectrometer;
causing said aerosol, smoke or vapour to impact upon a collision surface located within a vacuum chamber of said mass spectrometer and/or ion mobility spectrometer; and
mass analysing and/or ion mobility analysing said aerosol, smoke or vapour or ions derived from said aerosol, smoke or vapour in order to obtain mass spectrometric data and/or ion mobility data;
wherein said physical non-mass spectrometric data comprises data selected from the group consisting of: (i) density data; (ii) impedance data; (iii) hardness data; (iv) surface hardness data; (v) tissue hardness data; (vi) tactile data; (vii) radio-frequency absorbance data; (viii) microwave reflectance or transmission data; (ix) dielectric property data; (x) dielectric permittivity or conductivity data; (xi) Young's modulus data; and (xii) capacitance or resistance data.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said target comprises native or unmodified target material, optionally wherein said native or unmodified target material is unmodified by the addition of a matrix or reagent.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising mixing said aerosol, smoke or vapour with a matrix prior to, or as, said aerosol, smoke or vapour is directed or aspirated into said vacuum chamber of said mass spectrometer and/or ion mobility spectrometer.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising changing, controlling, varying or optimising one or more operational parameters of said first device based upon said obtained physical non-mass spectrometric data.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising using one or more contrast agents to enhance said physical non-mass spectrometric data.
6. An apparatus comprising:
one or more sensors arranged and adapted to obtain physical non-mass spectrometric data from one or more regions of a target;
a control system arranged and adapted to use said physical non-mass spectrometric data to determine one or more regions of interest of said target;
a first device arranged and adapted to generate aerosol, smoke or vapour from the one or more regions of interest of said target;
a mass analyser and/or ion mobility analyser for mass analysing and/or ion mobility analysing said aerosol, smoke or vapour or ions derived from said aerosol, smoke or vapour in order to obtain mass spectrometric data and/or ion mobility data;
a device for directing or aspirating at least some of said aerosol, smoke or vapour into a vacuum chamber of a mass spectrometer and/or ion mobility spectrometer; and
a device for directing said aerosol, smoke or vapour to impact upon a collision surface located within a vacuum chamber of said mass spectrometer and/or ion mobility spectrometer so as to generate a plurality of analyte ions;
wherein said physical non-mass spectrometric data comprises data selected from the group consisting of: (i) density data; (ii) impedance data; (iii) hardness data; (iv) surface hardness data; (v) tissue hardness data; (vi) tactile data; (vii) radio-frequency absorbance data; (viii) microwave reflectance or transmission data; (ix) dielectric property data; (x) dielectric permittivity or conductivity data; (xi) Young's modulus data; and (xii) capacitance or resistance data.
7. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6 , further comprising a device for mixing said aerosol, smoke or vapour with a matrix prior to, or as, said aerosol, smoke or vapour is directed or aspirated into said vacuum chamber of said mass spectrometer and/or ion mobility spectrometer.
8. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6 , wherein said first device comprises an ion source selected from the group consisting of: (i) a rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry (“REIMS”) ion source; (ii) a desorption electrospray ionisation (“DESI”) ion source; (iii) a laser desorption ionisation (“LDI”) ion source; (iv) a thermal desorption ion source; (v) a laser diode thermal desorption (“LDTD”) ion source; (vi) a desorption electro-flow focusing (“DEFFI”) ion source; (vii) a dielectric barrier discharge (“DBD”) plasma ion source; (viii) an Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (“ASAP”) ion source; (ix) an ultrasonic assisted spray ionisation ion source; (x) an easy ambient sonic-spray ionisation (“EASI”) ion source; (xi) a desorption atmospheric pressure photoionisation (“DAPPI”) ion source; (xii) a paperspray (“PS”) ion source; (xiii) a jet desorption ionisation (“JeDI”) ion source; (xiv) a touch spray (“TS”) ion source; (xv) a nano-DESI ion source; (xvi) a laser ablation electrospray (“LAESI”) ion source; (xvii) a direct analysis in real time (“DART”) ion source; (xviii) a probe electrospray ionisation (“PESI”) ion source; (xix) a solid-probe assisted electrospray ionisation (“SPA-ESI”) ion source; (xx) a cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (“CUSA”) device; (xxi) a focussed or unfocussed ultrasonic ablation device; (xxii) a microwave resonance device; and (xxiii) a pulsed plasma RF dissection device.
9. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6 , wherein said first device is arranged and adapted to generate aerosol, smoke or vapour from one or more regions of said target by contacting said target with one or more electrodes.
10. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6 , wherein said first device comprises a laser for irradiating said target.
11. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6 , wherein said first device is arranged and adapted to direct ultrasonic energy into said target.
12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6 , wherein said physical non-mass spectrometric data obtained for said one or more target regions represents a value of a respective physical property at said one or more target regions, the apparatus further comprising a control system arranged and adapted to determine one or more regions of said target which have a different value of said physical property relative to normal tissue, surrounding tissue, a control sample, a control region, control data or predetermined data.
13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6 , further comprising a control system arranged and adapted to change, control, vary or optimise one or more operational parameters of said first device based upon said obtained physical or other non-mass spectrometric data.
14. A method as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the matrix comprises isopropanol.
15. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the one or more sensors comprise: (i) one or more impedance sensors for obtaining said physical non-mass spectrometric data; (ii) one or more force or tactile sensors for obtaining said physical non-mass spectrometric data; (iii) one or more radio-frequency (“RF”) or microwave sensors for obtaining said physical non-mass spectrometric data; (iv) one or more dielectric property sensors or capacitive sensors for obtaining said physical non-mass spectrometric data; and/or (v) one or more electrochemical sensors or biosensors for obtaining said physical non-mass spectrometric data.