Methods and systems for optimizing quantum circuits
The present disclosure methods, systems and non-transitory computer readable media for optimizing quantum circuits. The methods include transforming an initial quantum circuit into a corresponding intermediate quantum circuit, wherein the intermediate quantum circuit is a first set of π 4 - Pauli rotation gates followed by a first Clifford gate; and generating an updated quantum circuit having a second set of π 4 - Pauli rotation gates followed by a second Clifford gate, by, for each π 4 - Pauli rotation gate in the first set of π 4 - Pauli rotation gates: inserting a new π 4 - Pauli rotation gate after the second set of π 4 - Pauli rotation gates, wherein the new π 4 - Pauli rotation gate corresponds to the current π 4 - Pauli rotation gate in the first set of π 4 - Pauli rotation gates conjugated by the second Clifford gate and the conjugate transpose of the second Clifford gate, scanning through the second set of π 4 - Pauli rotation gates to determine if there is a matching π 4 - Pauli rotation gate before a non-commuting π 4 - Pauli rotation gate, and responsive to determining that there is a matching π 4 - Pauli rotation gate: removing the matching π 4 - Pauli rotation gate and new π 4 - Pauli rotation gate from the second set of π 4 - Pauli rotation gates and, if the matching π 4 - Pauli rotation gate and new π 4 - Pauli rotation gate have opposite signs, replacing the second Clifford gate with a new Clifford gate, wherein the new Clifford gate corresponds to the current second Clifford gate conjugated by the new π 4 - Pauli rotation gate.
1. A method for updating a quantum circuit, comprising:
transforming an initial quantum circuit into a corresponding intermediate quantum circuit, wherein the intermediate quantum circuit is a first set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates followed by a first Clifford gate; and
generating an updated quantum circuit having a second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates followed by a second Clifford gate, by, for each
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate in the first set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates:
inserting a new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate after the second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates, wherein the new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate corresponds to the current
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate in the first set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates conjugated by the second Clifford gate and the conjugate transpose of the second Clifford gate,
scanning through the second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates to determine if there is a matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate before a non-commuting
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate, and
responsive to determining that there is a matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate:
removing the matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate and new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate from the second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates and,
if the matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate and new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate have opposite signs, replacing the second Clifford gate with a new Clifford gate, wherein the new Clifford gate corresponds to the current second Clifford gate conjugated by the new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising replacing the second Clifford gate with a second new Clifford gate, wherein the second new Clifford gate is the current second Clifford gate conjugated with the first Clifford gate.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein transforming the initial quantum circuit into the corresponding intermediate quantum circuit comprises:
transforming each T gate in the first quantum circuit into a corresponding
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate;
utilizing the invariance of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates under commutation with Clifford gates to shift all Clifford gates in the first quantum circuit to the back of the equation; and
combining the Clifford gates in the first quantum circuit into a corresponding single Clifford gate.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the initial quantum circuit has other transformations or optimizations applied before transforming the initial quantum circuit into the corresponding intermediate circuit.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the initial quantum circuit is not exactly representable by a Clifford+T circuit and further comprising:
before transforming the initial quantum circuit into the corresponding intermediate quantum circuit, transforming the initial quantum circuit into a form that is representable by a Clifford+T circuit.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein transforming the initial quantum circuit into a form that is representable by a Clifford+T circuit involves using ancilla qubits.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising returning the updated quantum circuit as an updated version of the initial quantum circuit.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the updated quantum circuit has other transformations or optimizations applied before returning the updated quantum circuit.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising before returning the updated quantum circuit as an updated version of the initial quantum circuit, transforming the updated quantum circuit into an equivalent Clifford+T circuit.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining that there is a matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate involves evaluating the efficiency gains from using the matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate balanced against the constraints of a target quantum hardware.
11. A system for updating a quantum circuit, comprising:
a memory storing a set of instructions; and
one or more processors configured to execute the set of instructions to cause the system to perform:
transforming an initial quantum circuit into a corresponding intermediate quantum circuit, wherein the intermediate quantum circuit is a first set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates followed by a first Clifford gate; and
generating an updated quantum circuit having a second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates followed by a second Clifford gate, by, for each
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate in the first set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates:
inserting a new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate after the second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates, wherein the new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate corresponds to the current
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate in the first set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates conjugated by the second Clifford gate and the conjugate transpose of the second Clifford gate,
scanning through the second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates to determine if there is a matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate before a non-commuting
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate, and
responsive to determining that there is a matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate:
removing the matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate and new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate from the second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates and,
if the matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate and new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate have opposite signs, replacing the second Clifford gate with a new Clifford gate, wherein the new Clifford gate corresponds to the current second Clifford gate conjugated by the new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the set of instructions is executable by the one or more processors to cause the system to further perform:
replacing the second Clifford gate with a second new Clifford gate, wherein the second new Clifford gate is the current second Clifford gate conjugated with the first Clifford gate.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein transforming the initial quantum circuit into the corresponding intermediate quantum circuit comprises:
transforming each T gate in the first quantum circuit into a corresponding
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate;
utilizing the invariance of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates under commutation with Clifford gates to shift all Clifford gates in the first quantum circuit to the back of the equation; and
combining the Clifford gates in the first quantum circuit into a corresponding single Clifford gate.
14. The system of claim 11 , wherein the initial quantum circuit is not exactly representable by a Clifford+T circuit and wherein the set of instructions is executable by the one or more processors to cause the system to further perform:
before transforming the initial quantum circuit into the corresponding intermediate quantum circuit, transforming the initial quantum circuit into a form that is representable by a Clifford+T circuit.
15. The system of claim 11 , wherein the set of instructions is executable by the one or more processors to cause the system to further perform:
before returning the updated quantum circuit as an updated version of the initial quantum circuit, transforming the updated quantum circuit into an equivalent Clifford+T circuit.
16. A non-transitory computer readable medium that stores a set of instructions that is executable by at least one processor of a computer system to cause the computer system to perform a method for performing inference with a neural network, the method comprising:
transforming an initial quantum circuit into a corresponding intermediate quantum circuit, wherein the intermediate quantum circuit is a first set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates followed by a first Clifford gate; and
generating an updated quantum circuit having a second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates followed by a second Clifford gate, by, for each
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate in the first set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates:
inserting a new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate after the second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates, wherein the new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate corresponds to the current
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate in the first set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates conjugated by the second Clifford gate and the conjugate transpose of the second Clifford gate,
scanning through the second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates to determine if there is a matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate before a non-commuting
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate, and
responsive to determining that there is a matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate:
removing the matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate and new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate from the second set of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates and,
if the matching
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate and new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate have opposite signs, replacing the second Clifford gate with a new Clifford gate, wherein the new Clifford gate corresponds to the current second Clifford gate conjugated by the new
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate.
17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16 , wherein the set of instructions is executable by the at least one processor of the computer system to cause the computer system to further perform:
replacing the second Clifford gate with a second new Clifford gate, wherein the second new Clifford gate is the current second Clifford gate conjugated with the first Clifford gate.
18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16 , wherein transforming the initial quantum circuit into the corresponding intermediate quantum circuit comprises:
transforming each T gate in the first quantum circuit into a corresponding
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gate;
utilizing the invariance of
π
4
-
Pauli rotation gates under commutation with Clifford gates to shift all Clifford gates in the first quantum circuit to the back of the equation; and
combining the Clifford gates in the first quantum circuit into a corresponding single Clifford gate.
19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16 , wherein the initial quantum circuit is not exactly representable by a Clifford+T circuit and wherein the set of instructions is executable by the at least one processor of the computer system to cause the computer system to further perform:
before transforming the initial quantum circuit into the corresponding intermediate quantum circuit, transforming the initial quantum circuit into a form that is representable by a Clifford+T circuit.
20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16 , wherein the set of instructions is executable by the at least one processor of the computer system to cause the computer system to further perform:
before returning the updated quantum circuit as an updated version of the initial quantum circuit, transforming the updated quantum circuit into an equivalent Clifford+T circuit.