Event verification receipt system and methods

1. A method for testing the validity of entries in a directed data structure, comprising:

in at least one node server, registering an event in the directed data structure, said directed data structure comprising a computationally linked series of nodes such that each node encodes information included in at least one preceding node;

within at least selected nodes of the directed data structure after at least one initial node in a group of nodes which includes the initial node, including a representation of at least one history data structure having a highest-level value computed based on inputs of lowest level input values, at least one said lowest level input value encoding node-specific information of at least the one preceding node, said history data structure for each subsequent node in the group of nodes progressively growing by addition of another one of the lowest level input values corresponding to the current node, said history data structure thereby having a corresponding new highest-level value;

in a verification phase, verifying a purportedly valid lowest level input value in a selected one of the nodes by recomputing the corresponding highest-level value from the representation of the history data structure included in the selected one of the nodes, and accepting the purportedly valid lowest level input value as being valid only if the recomputed highest-level value is the same as the highest-level value originally computed for the history data structure included in the corresponding selected one of the nodes.

2. The method of claim 1 , in which the directed data structure is a blockchain.

3. The method of claim 1 , in which the history data structure is a skip list.

4. The method of claim 1 , in which the history data structure is a directed acyclic graph.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

registering at least one event in a current node at the request of at least one client;

for each event registered at the request of the client, returning to the respective client system a receipt, said receipt encoding at least an identifier of the current node recomputation values enabling recomputation of the highest level value of the history data structure in the respective current node.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising including a plurality of reduced history data structures in at least one of the nodes, the lowest level input values of the respective reduced history data structures encoding information from different subsets of the preceding nodes of the directed data structure having respective characteristics.

7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:

receiving from at least one subscriber a request to create and maintain a respective subscriber-associated reduced history data structure as one of the plurality of reduced history data structures; and

including as the lowest level input values of the subscriber-associated reduced history data structure information derived from nodes of the directed data structure exhibiting having at least one characteristic defined by the respective subscriber.

8. The method of claim 6 , in which the lowest level input values of the reduced history data structures are pointers identifying respective ones of the nodes of the directed data structure.

9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

receiving from at least one subscriber a request to create and maintain a respective subscriber-associated reduced history data structure constructed from information only from nodes having at least one subscriber-designated characteristic;

identifying nodes of the directed data structure that have the at least one characteristic; and

transferring to the respective subscriber information relating to the identified nodes sufficient to enable the subscriber to externally construct and maintain the respective subscriber-associated reduced history data structure.