Viscoelastic hydrogels with fast stress relaxation
Provided are fast relaxing hydrogels that are useful for regulating cell behavior and enhancing tissue regeneration, e.g., bone regeneration.
1. A fast relaxing hydrogel comprising a plurality of alginate polymer chains and a plurality of linear spacer molecules, wherein
the plurality of alginate polymer chains have an average molecular weight of about 80 kDa or less;
the plurality of alginate polymer chains are ionically cross-linked to each other using Ca 2+ , wherein Ca 2+ is present in said hydrogel at a concentration of about 2 mM to about 60 mM;
wherein each of the plurality of linear spacer molecules comprises a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is covalently attached to an alginate polymer chain and the second end is not attached to an alginate polymer chain, wherein each of the plurality of linear spacer molecules does not cross-link the alginate polymer chains, and wherein the plurality of linear spacer molecules physically separate the alginate polymer chains;
wherein the plurality of alginate polymer chains and the plurality of spacer molecules are present in the hydrogel at a ratio of at least 2:1 spacer molecule: alginate polymer chain;
wherein the length of each of the plurality of linear spacer molecules ranges from about 80 Angstroms to about 1500 Angstroms; and
wherein the hydrogel is characterized by a stress relaxation rate (τ 1/2 ) of 800 seconds or less.
2. The hydrogel of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of alginate polymer chains have an average molecular weight of about 70 kDa or less.
3. The hydrogel of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of alginate polymer chains have an average molecular weight of about 35 kDa.
4. The hydrogel of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel is viscoelastic and exhibits relaxation behavior when stress is applied to the hydrogel.
5. The hydrogel of claim 1 , wherein said stress relaxation rate (ν 1/2 ) is 500 seconds or less.
6. The hydrogel of claim 5 , wherein said stress relaxation rate (ν 1/2 ) is 100 seconds or less.
7. The hydrogel of claim 1 , wherein the ratio is about 2:1 spacer molecule: alginate polymer chain.
8. The hydrogel of claim 1 , wherein the spacer molecule is polyethylene glycol (PEG).
9. The hydrogel of claim 8 , wherein the PEG has a molecular weight of less than 50 kDa.
10. The hydrogel of claim 8 , wherein the PEG has a molecular weight of between about 5 kDa and about 20 kDa.
11. The hydrogel of claim 1 , further comprising a cell adhesive peptide.
12. The hydrogel of claim 11 , wherein the cell adhesive peptide is attached to each of the plurality of alginate polymer chains.
13. The hydrogel of claim 12 , wherein the cell adhesive peptide comprises an arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) amino acid sequence.
14. The hydrogel of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel comprises interconnected pores.
15. The hydrogel of claim 14 , wherein the pores comprise nanopores.
16. The hydrogel of claim 1 , further comprising a mammalian cell.
17. The hydrogel of claim 16 , wherein the mammalian cell is a fibroblast or a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC).
18. The hydrogel of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel is characterized by an initial elastic modulus of about 11 kPa and about 30 kPa.
19. A fast relaxing hydrogel comprising a plurality of alginate polymer chains and a plurality of linear spacer molecules, wherein
the plurality of alginate polymer chains have an average molecular weight of about 80 kDa or less;
the plurality of alginate polymer chains are ionically cross-linked to each other using Ca 2+ , wherein Ca 2+ is present in said hydrogel at a concentration of about 2 mM to about 60 mM;
wherein each of the plurality of linear spacer molecules comprises a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is covalently attached to an alginate polymer chain and the second end is not attached to an alginate polymer chain, wherein each of the plurality of linear spacer molecules does not cross-link the alginate polymer chains, and wherein the plurality of linear spacer molecules physically separate the alginate polymer chains;
wherein the plurality of alginate polymer chains and the plurality of spacer molecules are present in the hydrogel at a ratio of at least 2:1 spacer molecule: alginate polymer chain;
wherein the spacer molecule is polyethylene glycol (PEG) having a molecular weight of between about 5 kDa and about 49 kDa; and
wherein the hydrogel is characterized by a stress relaxation rate (ν 1/2 ) of 800 seconds or less.
20. The hydrogel of claim 19 , wherein the hydrogel is viscoelastic and exhibits relaxation behavior when stress is applied to the hydrogel.
21. The hydrogel of claim 19 , wherein the plurality of alginate polymer chains and the plurality of spacer molecules are present in the hydrogel at a ratio of about 2:1 spacer molecule: alginate polymer chain.
22. The hydrogel of claim 19 , further comprising a cell adhesive peptide.
23. The hydrogel of claim 19 , further comprising a mammalian cell.