Mixed ionophore ion-selective electrode for the improved detection of urea in blood
The present application discloses improved multiple-use sensor arrays for determining the content of various species in samples of biological origin, in particular in the area of point-of-care (POC) testing for blood gases. The multiple-use sensor array is arranged in a measuring chamber, and the sensor array comprises two or more different ion-selective electrodes including a first ion-selective electrode (e.g. an ammonium-selective electrode being part of a urea sensor), wherein the first ion-selective electrode includes a membrane comprising a polymer and (a) a first ionophore (e.g. an ammonium-selective ionophore) and (b) at least one further ionophore (e.g. selected from a calcium-selective ionophore, a potassium-selective ionophore, and a sodium-selective ionophore), and wherein the first ionophore is not present in any ion-selective electrode in the sensor array other than in the first ion-selective electrode.
1. A method of operating a multiple-use sensor array, said method comprising:
(i) providing a multiple-use sensor array arranged in a measuring chamber, said sensor array comprising two or more different ion-selective electrodes including a first ion-selective electrode and a second ion-selective electrode, said first ion-selective electrode including a membrane comprising (a) a first ionophore and (b) at least one second ionophore, said second ion-selective electrode including a membrane comprising at least one of the at least one second ionophores, said first ionophore not being present in any ion-selective electrode in the sensor array other than in the first ion-selective electrode;
(ii) in sequence contacting the sensor array with one or more rinse solutions and optionally one or more calibration solutions, each of said rinse solutions being substantially devoid of the ion for which said first ionophore is selective;
(iii) subsequently contacting the sensor array with a sample of biological origin.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first ion-selective electrode of the sensor array is an ammonium-selective electrode.
3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the membrane of said ammonium-selective electrode comprises a polymer and two ionophores being (a) an ammonium-selective ionophore and (b) a further ion-selective ionophore selected from a calcium-selective ionophore, a potassium-selective ionophore, and a sodium-selective ionophore.
4. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the first ion-selective electrode is an ammonium-selective electrode that is part of a urea sensor.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the membrane of said ammonium-selective electrode comprises a polymer and two ionophores being (a) an ammonium-selective ionophore and (b) a further ion-selective ionophore selected from a calcium-selective ionophore, a potassium-selective ionophore, and a sodium-selective ionophore.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein (ii) and (iii) are repeated in several cycles.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein a sampling cycle time is the time for performing (ii) and (iii), and wherein the sampling cycle time is 15-60 seconds.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first ion-selective electrode is selected from an ammonium-selective electrode, a lithium-selective electrode, and a magnesium-selective electrode.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein one or more of the one or more rinse solutions is substantially devoid of urea and ammonium ions.
10. A urea sensor comprising:
an ammonium-selective electrode comprising a membrane, said membrane comprising a polymer and two ionophores, wherein the two ionophores are an ammonium-selective ionophore and a potassium-selective ionophore;
an enzyme layer covering the electrode, said enzyme layer comprising a polymer and urease; and
an outer layer covering the enzyme layer.