Optimization of application of current
An excitation unit is configured to induce action potentials by applying an excitatory current to a nerve. A blocking unit is configured to block the induced action potentials from propagating along the nerve by applying a blocking current to the nerve. A sensor unit is configured to detect the induced action potentials in the nerve, and to responsively provide a sensor signal that conveys information about the detected induced action potentials. Circuitry is configured (i) to drive the excitation unit to apply the excitatory current, (ii) to drive the blocking unit to apply the blocking current, (iii) while driving the blocking unit to apply the blocking current, to drive the sensor unit to detect the induced action potentials and provide the sensor signal, (iv) to receive the sensor signal, and (v) in response to the sensor signal, to alter a parameter of the blocking current.
1. Apparatus for use with a nerve of a subject, the apparatus comprising:
an excitation unit comprising an excitation electrode, the excitation unit being configured to induce action potentials in the nerve by applying an excitatory current to the nerve;
an implantable blocking unit comprising a blocking electrode, the blocking unit being configured to block the induced action potentials from propagating along the nerve by applying a blocking current to the nerve;
an implantable sensor unit comprising a sensor electrode, the sensor unit being configured to detect the induced action potentials in the nerve, and to responsively provide a sensor signal that conveys information about the detected induced action potentials; and
circuitry configured:
to drive the excitation unit to apply the excitatory current,
to drive the blocking unit to apply the blocking current,
while driving the blocking unit to apply the blocking current, to drive the sensor unit to detect the induced action potentials and provide the sensor signal,
to receive the sensor signal, and
in response to the sensor signal, to alter a parameter of the blocking current,
wherein the circuitry is configured to automatically periodically run a calibration routine comprising:
(a) switching from (i) a first mode in which the circuitry drives the blocking unit to apply the blocking current while not driving the excitation unit to apply the excitatory current, into (ii) a second mode in which the circuitry drives the blocking unit to apply the blocking current while driving the excitation unit to apply the excitatory current,
(b) while in the second mode, driving the sensor unit to detect the induced action potentials and provide the sensor signal,
(c) in response to the sensor signal received in (b), altering the parameter of the blocking current, and
(d) switching back into the first mode.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising an extracorporeal controller that comprises the circuitry, and is configured to wirelessly drive the excitation unit, the blocking unit, and the sensor unit, and to wirelessly receive the sensor signal.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the sensor signal is a wireless sensor signal, and the circuitry is configured to wirelessly receive the sensor signal.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the circuitry is configured to drive the excitation unit wirelessly, and to drive the blocking unit wirelessly.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the excitation unit is configured to elicit paresthesia by applying the excitatory current.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the excitation unit is configured to elicit pain by applying the excitatory current.
7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the circuitry is configured:
to drive the blocking unit by providing a blocking-command signal having an energy consumption; and
in response to the sensor signal conveying information indicative of a reduction of detected induced action potentials, to reduce the energy consumption of the blocking-command signal.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the blocking unit is disposed between the excitation unit and the sensor unit.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the excitation unit is an implantable excitation unit.
10. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the excitatory current has a lower frequency than that of the blocking current, and the circuitry is configured to drive the excitation unit to apply the excitatory current having the lower frequency.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the excitatory current has a frequency of 2-400 Hz, and the circuitry is configured to drive the excitation unit to apply the excitatory current having the frequency of 2-400 Hz.
12. The apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the excitatory current has a frequency of 5-100 Hz, and the circuitry is configured to drive the excitation unit to apply the excitatory current having the frequency of 5-100 Hz.
13. The apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the blocking current has a frequency of 1-20 kHz, and the circuitry is configured to drive the blocking unit to apply the blocking current having the frequency of 1-20 kHz.
14. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the blocking current has a frequency of 3-10 kHz, and the circuitry is configured to drive the blocking unit to apply the blocking current having the frequency of 3-10 kHz.
15. The apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the apparatus comprises an implant that comprises an injectable housing that houses the excitation unit, the blocking unit, and the sensor unit.
16. The apparatus according to claim 15 , further comprising an extracorporeal controller that comprises the circuitry, and is configured to wirelessly drive the excitation unit, the blocking unit, and the sensor unit, and to wirelessly receive the sensor signal.
17. The apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein the housing houses the circuitry.
18. The apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein the housing is dimensioned to be injectable into an epidural space of a subject.
19. The apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein the housing is configured to be implanted at the nerve such that the sensor unit is disposed at a first nerve site, and the blocking unit is disposed at a second nerve site that is efferent to the first nerve site.
20. The apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein:
the housing has a longitudinal axis,
the blocking unit is 0.5-5 cm along the longitudinal axis from the excitation unit, and
the sensor unit is 0.5-5 cm along the longitudinal axis from the blocking unit.
21. The apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein:
the housing has (i) a longitudinal axis, (ii) a first half including a first end, and (iii) a second half including a second end, and is injectable into the subject along the longitudinal axis,
the excitation electrode is disposed on the housing within the first half; and
the blocking electrode is disposed on the housing within the second half.
22. Apparatus for use with a nerve of a subject, the apparatus comprising:
an excitation unit comprising an excitation electrode, the excitation unit being configured to induce action potentials in the nerve by applying an excitatory current to the nerve;
an implantable blocking unit comprising a blocking electrode, the blocking unit being configured to block the induced action potentials from propagating along the nerve by applying a blocking current to the nerve;
an implantable sensor unit comprising a sensor electrode, the sensor unit being configured to detect the induced action potentials in the nerve, and to responsively provide a sensor signal that conveys information about the detected induced action potentials; and
circuitry configured:
to drive the excitation unit to apply the excitatory current,
to drive the blocking unit to apply the blocking current,
while driving the blocking unit to apply the blocking current, to drive the sensor unit to detect the induced action potentials and provide the sensor signal,
to receive the sensor signal, and
in response to the sensor signal, to alter a parameter of the blocking current,
wherein the circuitry is configured:
to drive the blocking unit by providing a blocking-command signal having an energy consumption; and
in response to the sensor signal conveying information indicative of a reduction of detected induced action potentials, to reduce the energy consumption of the blocking-command signal.