Optimization of multigene analysis of tumor samples
A method of analyzing a tumor sample comprising: (a) acquiring a library comprising a plurality of tumor members from a tumor sample; (b) contacting the library with a bait set to provide selected members; (c) acquiring a read for a subgenomic interval from a tumor member from said library; (d) aligning said read; and (e) assigning a nucleotide value (e.g., calling a mutation) from said read for the preselected nucleotide position, thereby analyzing said tumor sample.
1. A method of analyzing nucleic acids from a human subject for identifying mutations, the method comprising:
(a) providing fragmented DNA from the human subject, or providing cDNA derived from RNA from the human subject;
(b) attaching adapters to the fragmented DNA or cDNA to generate adapter-ligated DNA, wherein the adapters comprise:
(1) a primer binding site for amplification and/or sequencing, and
(2) a barcode sequence;
(c) capturing a plurality of target sequences, comprising simultaneously hybridizing in solution a plurality of bait molecules with the adapter-ligated DNA of step (b), thereby producing nucleic acid hybrids;
wherein the bait molecules each comprise:
(1) a binding entity that allows for separation of the nucleic acid hybrids of step (c); and
(2) a sequence configured to hybridize to a target sequence;
wherein the plurality of bait molecules is capable of hybridizing to the plurality of target sequences, and wherein the plurality of target sequences comprises at least:
(i) a first target sequence comprising a point mutation; and
(ii) a second target sequence comprising a structural breakpoint; and
(d) sequencing the captured plurality of target sequences.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising separating the captured target sequences from the nucleic acid hybrids of step (c) prior to sequencing the captured target sequence.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the captured target sequences are sequenced with next generation sequencing.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mutations are associated with a cancerous phenotype, wherein the cancerous phenotype comprises one or more of cancer risk, cancer progression, cancer treatment, or resistance to cancer treatment.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (a) comprises providing less than 5 micrograms of fragmented DNA from the human subject.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the size of the fragmented DNA is 600 bp or less.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the size of the bait molecules is about 100-300 bases.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of target sequences comprises a target sequence in a gene chosen from ABL1, AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, ALK, APC, AR, BRAF, CCND1, CDK4, CDKN2A, CEBPA, CTNNB1, EGFR, ERBB2, ESR1, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FLT3, HRAS, JAK2, KIT, KRAS, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MET, MLL, MYC, NF1, NOTCH1, NPM1, NRAS, NTRK3, PDGFRA, PIK3CA, PIK3CG, PIK3R1, PTCH1, PTCH2, PTEN, RB1, RET, SMO, STK11, SUFU, or TP53.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of target sequences comprises a target sequence in a gene chosen from ABL2, ARAF, ARFRP1, ARID1A, ATM, ATR, AURKA, AURKB, BAP1, BCL2, BCL2A1, BCL2L1, BCL2L2, BCL6, BRCA1, BRCA2, CBL, CARD11, CBL, CCND2, CCND3, CCNE1, CD79A, CD79B, CDH1, CDH2, CDH20, CDH5, CDK6, CDK8, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CHEK1, CHEK2, CRKL, CRLF2, DNMT3A, DOT1L, EPHA3, EPHA5, EPHA6, EPHA7, EPHB1, EPHB4, EPHB6, ERBB3, ERBB4, ERG, ETV1, ETV4, ETV5, ETV6, EWSR1, EZH2, FANCA, FBXW7, FGFR4, FLT1, FLT4, FOXP4, GATA1, GNA11, GNAQ, GNAS, GPR124, GUCY1A2, HOXA3, HSP90AA1, IDH1, IDH2, IGF1R, IGF2R, IKBKE, IKZF1, INHBA, IRS2, JAK1, JAK3, JUN, KDM6A, KDR, LRP1B, LRP6, LTK, MAP2K4, MCL1, MDM2, MDM4, MEN1, MITF, MLH1, MPL, MRE11A, MSH2, MSH6, MTOR, MUTYH, MYCL1, MYCN, NF2, NKX2-1, NTRK1, NTRK2, PAK3, PAX5, PDGFRB, PKHD1, PLCG1, PRKDC, PTPN11, PTPRD, RAF1, RARA, RICTOR, RPTOR, RUNX1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SOX10, SOX2, SRC, TBX22, TET2, TGFBR2, TMPRSS2, TNFAIP3, TNK, TNKS2, TOP1, TSC1, TSC2, USP9X, VHL, or WT1.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bait molecules further comprise a primer binding site for amplification.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the barcode sequence allows for identification of a sample from the subject or identification of the fragmented DNA.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising amplifying the captured plurality of target sequences.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adapter-ligated DNA of step (b) is amplified before hybridization in step (c).
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (d) generates sequencing reads which are analyzed by a method comprising:
(1) distinguishing between sequencing errors and real sequence variations by identifying differences between at least three duplicate reads of a DNA molecule from the human subject, wherein any difference between duplicate reads is a sequencing error; and
(2) generating a consensus sequence from the at least three duplicate reads of the DNA molecule;
wherein the duplicate reads of the DNA molecule are identified by the barcode sequence of step (b) and/or the possession of the same starting or ending sequences.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mutations comprise a somatic mutation, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), or both.
16. A method of analyzing nucleic acids from a human subject for identifying mutations, the method comprising:
(a) providing fragmented nucleic acids from the human subject;
(b) attaching adapters to the fragmented nucleic acids to generate adapter-ligated nucleic acids, wherein the adapters comprise:
(1) primer binding sites for amplification and/or sequencing, and
(2) a barcode sequence;
(c) capturing a plurality of target sequences, comprising simultaneously hybridizing in solution a plurality of bait molecules with the adapter-ligated nucleic acids of step (b), thereby producing nucleic acid hybrids;
wherein the bait molecules each comprise:
(1) a binding entity that allows for separation of the nucleic acid hybrids of step (c); and
(2) a sequence configured to hybridize to a target sequence;
wherein the plurality of bait molecules is capable of hybridizing to the plurality of target sequences, and wherein the plurality of target sequences comprises at least:
(i) a first target sequence comprising a point mutation; and
(ii) a second target sequence comprising a structural breakpoint; and
(d) sequencing the captured plurality of target sequences.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the nucleic acids comprise genomic DNA or cDNA.
18. A method of analyzing nucleic acids from a human subject for identifying mutations, the method comprising:
(a) providing fragmented DNA from the human subject, or providing cDNA derived from RNA from the human subject;
(b) attaching adapters to the fragmented DNA or cDNA to generate adapter-ligated DNA, wherein the adapters comprise:
(1) a primer binding site for amplification and/or sequencing, and
(2) a barcode sequence;
(c) capturing a plurality of target sequences, comprising simultaneously hybridizing a plurality of bait molecules with the adapter-ligated DNA of step (b), thereby producing nucleic acid hybrids;
wherein the bait molecules each comprise:
(1) a binding entity that allows for separation of the nucleic acid hybrids of step (c); and
(2) a sequence configured to hybridize to a target sequence;
wherein the plurality of bait molecules is capable of hybridizing to the plurality of target sequences, and wherein the plurality of target sequences comprises at least the following associated with a cancerous phenotype:
(i) a first target sequence comprising a point mutation; and
(ii) a second target sequence comprising a structural breakpoint; and
(d) sequencing the captured plurality of target sequences.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein in step (c) the plurality of bait molecules is hybridized with the adapter-ligated DNA of step (b) in solution or on solid support.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the structural breakpoint results from an in-frame deletion of one or more codons, an intragenic deletion, an intragenic insertion, a deletion of a full gene, an inversion, an interchromosomal translocation, a tandem duplication, a gene fusion, a genomic rearrangement that comprises an intron sequence, or a gene duplication.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the structural breakpoint is an exon-exon junction.