Estimation of peripheral vascular resistance using a miniature piezoelectric sensor
A wearable assembly has a pulse plethysmography (PPG) sensor and a piezoelectric pressure sensor and is attachable to a patient's finger or other area corresponding to a peripheral vascular region, and further includes a signal processor configured to monitor blood flow dependent measurements and pressure measurements over time, comparing these measurements to determine properties of the vascular region, such as vascular resistance of a blood vessel, vascular radius of the blood vessel, vascular stiffness of the vascular region, blood pressure, and/or cardiac vascular power. The signal processor may apply a hysteresis comparison of the sensor outputs, e.g., using an elliptical model, and in some examples may apply an extended Kalman filter for optimizing output of the vascular region properties.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a wearable sensor assembly configured to be attached to a subject at a peripheral vascular region, the wearable sensor assembly comprising:
a piezoelectric pressure sensor configured to measure pressure data of the peripheral vascular region, wherein the piezoelectric sensor comprises a piezoelectric electrode structure positioned to measure the pressure data in response to movement of a blood vessel in the peripheral vascular region, and
a pulse-oximetry sensor positioned to collect photoplethysmograph derived blood flow data of the blood vessel; and
a signal processor configured to
receive the pressure data from the piezoelectric pressure sensor,
analyze the pressure data and output a pressure value,
analyze the collected photoplethysmograph derived blood flow and output a photoplethysmograph blood flow value, using a model of pulse-oximetry sensor voltage output,
compare the photoplethysmograph blood flow value with the pressure value to determine an elliptical fit, and
based on the elliptical fit, extract an indicator of peripheral vascular resistance of the blood vessel, wherein the indicator of peripheral vascular resistance indicates vascular health and condition of the subject.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a signal processor is configured to
receive raw pressure data from the piezoelectric sensor,
filter the received raw pressure data, and
perform signal decomposition on the filtered raw pressure data and output the pressure data for analysis and extraction.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal processor is configured to analyze the collected photoplethysmograph derived blood flow and output the photoplethysmograph blood flow value, u PPG , according to:
u PPG =K PPG ∫h PPG *V i dt=K PPG ∫h PPG *πr i 2 L PPG dt,
where K PPG is a gain of the pulse-oximetry sensor, h PPG is a linear dynamic filter response, and V i is a volume of oxygenated blood in the vascular region.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal processor is configured to analyze the collected photoplethysmograph derived blood flow and output the photoplethysmograph blood flow value, u PPG , according to:
u PPG =K PPG ∫h PPG *πr i 2 L PPG dt,
where K PPG is a gain of the piezoelectric pressure sensor, h PPG is a linear dynamic filter response,
r i is an inner radius of the blood vessel, and L PPG is a length of the blood vessel illuminated by the pulse-oximetry sensor.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal processor is configured to analyze the pressure data and output a pressure value, u PVDF , according to:
u PVDF =∫h PVDF ( t )* q ( t ) dt,
where h pvdf , is a transfer function of the piezoelectric pressure sensor and where q(t) is a charge amount measured by the piezoelectric pressure sensor.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein to compare the photoplethysmograph blood flow value and the pressure value to determine the elliptical fit, the signal processor is configured to:
develop an elliptical model of the pressure value versus the photoplethysmograph blood flow value;
determine for a long chord of the elliptical model, a fixed model radius, Ls; and
determine for the long chord of an experimentally obtained elliptical model, a model radius, Le.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the signal processor is configured to extract the indicator of vascular resistance of the blood vessel based on variation in amplitudes of the pressure value and the photoplethysmograph blood flow value represented by Ls and Le, respectively.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the signal processor is configured to extract the indicator of vascular resistance of the blood vessel based on variation of the pressure value versus the photoplethysmograph blood flow value using a hysteresis comparison measured by the elliptical model.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a self-contained power source of the piezoelectric sensor and/or the photoplethysmography sensor in the wearable sensor assembly.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal processor is external to the wearable sensor assembly and communicatively connected the wearable sensor assembly through a wireless communication network or through an external wired connection.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal processor is configured to determine cardiac vascular power.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein to determine cardiac vascular power, the signal processor is configured to:
determine a charge response of the piezoelectric pressure sensor;
determine a square of the charge response; and
apply a piezoelectric sensor property factor to the square of the charge response, wherein the piezoelectric sensor property factor is a value that compensates for one or more of material properties of the piezoelectric sensor, dimensions of the piezoelectric sensor, an amount of deformation of the piezoelectric sensor, and combinations thereof.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal processor is configured to determine a radius of the blood vessel.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the wearable sensor assembly further comprises:
an additional piezoelectric pressure sensor configured to measure an absolute pressure data of the peripheral vascular region, and
wherein the signal processor is configured to
receive the absolute pressure data from the additional piezoelectric pressure sensor,
compare the absolutely data to the pressure data from the piezoelectric pressure sensor, and
determine an absolute blood pressure for the subject.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal processor is further configured to
determine an average pulse transit time (PTT) between the piezoelectric pressure sensor and the pulse-oximetry sensor over a sample period,
determine if a subsequent PTT deviates by more than a threshold amount from the average PTT, and
identify the subsequent PTT and corresponding pressure value and photoplethysmograph blood flow value as noise, if the subsequent PTT deviates by more than a threshold amount from the average PTT.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal processor is further configured to
determine an average pulse transit time (PTT) between the piezoelectric pressure sensor and the pulse-oximetry sensor over a sample period, and
determine a vascular mechanical stiffness for the blood vessel from the PTT.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal processor is configured to determine a radius of the blood vessel, r 0 , according to:
π( R +δR ) 2 =2π( r o +δr o ) 2 +V o −γδp o
where R is a nominal radius of the piezoelectric pressure sensor, δR is a piezoelectric pressure sensor perturbation expression, V o is a nominal cross-sectional of the peripheral vascular region enclosed by the piezoelectric pressure sensor, excluding a cross-section area of a blood vessel, γ is a measure of net intervening tissue compressibility for the peripheral vascular region, δp o is sensor pressure perturbation expression, and δr o is a blood vessel perturbation expression.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal processor is further configured to
compare the photoplethysmograph blood flow value with the pressure value using a state model, the state model configured to model at least one of physical properties of the wearable sensor assembly, properties of the vascular region, and properties of the blood vessel,
apply an extended Kalman filter to the comparison of the photoplethysmograph blood flow value with the pressure value using a state model, and
extract the indicator of peripheral vascular radius as the indicator of peripheral vascular resistance of the blood vessel.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the signal processor is further configured to
extract an indicator of peripheral vascular radius, vascular stiffness, blood pressure, or cardiac vascular power.
20. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the signal processor is further configured to extract an indicator of peripheral vascular radius of the blood vessel, vascular stiffness of the blood vessel, blood pressure, or cardiac vascular power in response to a comparison of the photoplethysmograph blood flow value with the pressure value.
21. A therapeutic delivery system for administering a therapeutic treatment to a subject, the delivery system comprising:
the apparatus of claim 20 ; and
an administration system comprising a therapeutic delivery vehicle in communication with a therapeutic treatment processor that controls delivery of the therapeutic treatment to the subject, the therapeutic treatment processor being
(i) coupled to receive the indicator of the peripheral vascular resistance of the blood vessel, peripheral vascular radius of the blood vessel, vascular stiffness of the blood vessel, blood pressure, and/or cardiac vascular power, in a closed loop manner, and
(ii) implemented to determine instructions for administering the therapeutic treatment.