In situ exfoliation method to fabricate a graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite
A method for forming a graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite by distributing graphite microparticles into a molten thermoplastic polymer phase comprising one or more molten thermoplastic polymers; and applying a succession of shear strain events to the molten polymer phase so that the molten polymer phase exfoliates the graphene successively with each event, until tearing of exfoliated multilayer graphene sheets occurs and produces reactive edges on the multilayer sheets that react with and cross-link the one or more thermoplastic polymers; where the one or more thermoplastic polymers are selected from thermoplastic polymers subject to UV degradation.
1. A graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite comprising thermoplastic polymer molecules inter-molecularly and directly cross-linked by mechanically torn single- and/or multi-layer graphene sheets having carbon atoms with reactive bonding sites on the torn edges of the mechanically torn single- and/or multi-layer graphene sheets, wherein the mechanically torn single- and/or multi-layer graphene sheets are exfoliated from graphite and comprise contamination-free graphene-polymer interfaces.
2. The graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite of claim 1 , comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer molecule bonded or adhered to one or more of the mechanically torn single- or multi-layer graphene sheets.
3. The graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite of claim 1 , comprising at least one of the mechanically torn single- or multi-layer graphene sheets covalently bonded to one or more thermoplastic polymer molecules.
4. The graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyether-ketone (PEK), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyethylene sulfide (PES), polyetherimide (PEI), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polycarbonate (PC), polyphenylene ether, aromatic thermoplastic polyesters, thermoplastic polyimides, liquid crystal polymers, thermoplastic elastomers, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene (PS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polytetra-fluoroethylene (PTFE), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamides (PA), poly-phenylene oxide (PPO), polyoxymethylene plastic (POM/Acetal), polyimides, polyarylether-ketones, polyvinylchloride (PVC), acrylics, and mixtures thereof.
5. The graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises an aromatic polymer.
6. The graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite of claim 5 , wherein the aromatic polymer comprises phenyl groups, optionally substituted, in either the backbone or as substituents.
7. The graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite of claim 6 , wherein the optionally substituted phenyl groups are contained within the polymer backbone as optionally substituted phenylene groups.
8. The graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite of claim 6 , wherein the optionally substituted phenyl groups are substituents on the polymer.
9. The graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite of claim 1 , wherein the composite comprises from about 0.01 wt % to about 90 wt % of single- and multi-layer graphene nanoparticles.
10. The graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite of claim 1 , wherein the composite comprises from about 0.01 wt % to about 60 wt % of single- and multi-layer graphene nanoparticles.
11. The graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite of claim 1 , wherein the composite comprises from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of single- and multi-layer graphene nanoparticles.
12. An automotive, aircraft or aerospace part formed from the composite of claim 1 .
13. The part of claim 12 , wherein the part is an engine part.
14. Graphene cross-linked polymer particles formed from the composite of claim 1 .
15. A polymer composition comprising a host thermoplastic polymer and the graphene cross-linked polymer particles of claim 14 dispersed therein.
16. The polymer composition of claim 15 , comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer molecule bonded or adhered to one or more of the mechanically torn single- or multi-layer graphene sheets.
17. The polymer composition of claim 15 , comprising at least one of the mechanically torn single- or multi-layer graphene sheets covalently bonded to one or more thermoplastic polymer molecules.
18. The polymer composition of claim 15 , wherein the host thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyether-ketone (PEK), polysulfones (PS), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyethylene sulfide (PES), polyetherimide (PEI), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polycarbonate (PC), polyphenylene ether, aromatic thermoplastic polyesters, thermoplastic polyimides, liquid crystal polymers, thermoplastic elastomers, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene (PS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polytetra-fluoroethylene (PTFE), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamides (PA), poly-phenylene oxide (PPO), polyoxymethylene plastic (POM/Acetal), polyimides, polyarylether-ketones, polyvinylchloride (PVC), acrylics, and mixtures thereof.
19. The polymer composition of claim 15 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises an aromatic polymer.
20. The polymer composition of claim 19 , wherein the aromatic polymer comprises phenyl groups, optionally substituted, in either the backbone or as substituents.
21. The polymer composition of claim 20 , wherein the optionally substituted phenyl groups are substituents on the polymer.
22. An automotive, aircraft or aerospace part formed from the polymer composition of claim 15 .
23. The part of claim 22 , wherein the part is an engine part.