Diagnosing and treating Alzheimer's disease
Described herein are methods, systems and compositions for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Also described are methods, systems and compositions to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In various embodiments levels of PACAP and/or SIRT3 are analyzed for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
1. A method of detecting Pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) protein expression in a human subject, the method comprising the steps of:
obtaining a sample from the human subject;
detecting an expression level of PACAP protein in the sample; and
detecting an expression level of SIRT3 protein in the sample.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises at least one of a brain tissue or cerebrospinal fluid.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the expression level of PACAP protein in the sample is detected using at least one of ELISA, Western blot, and flow cytometry.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the human subject is suspected of having late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein human subjects with LOAD exhibit reduced levels of PACAP expression compared to human subjects with Parkinson disease dementia and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detecting the expression level of PACAP protein and detecting the level of SIRT3 protein in the sample comprises using antibody-based assays.
7. The method of claim 1 and further comprising comparing the detected expression level of PACAP protein in the subject's sample to a reference level of PACAP protein.
8. The method of claim 7 and further comprising administering a composition comprising PACAP to the subject if the subject's expression level of PACAP is below that of the reference level of PACAP protein.
9. A method of detecting PACAP protein expression in a human subject exhibiting symptoms of late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD):
obtaining a cerebrospinal fluid sample from the human subject;
preparing the sample to be assayed using an antibody-based assay to determine a PACAP expression level;
detecting, using the antibody-based assay, the PACAP protein expression level in the cerebrospinal fluid sample from the human subject; and
measuring an expression level of SIRT3 protein in the cerebrospinal fluid sample.
10. The method of claim 9 and further comprising comparing the detected expression level of PACAP protein in the subject's sample to a reference level of PACAP protein.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the expression level of PACAP protein in the sample is detected using at least one of ELISA, Western blot, and flow cytometry.
12. The method of claim 9 and further comprising administering a composition comprising PACAP to the human subject.