Methods of generating functional human tissue

1. An in vitro method of generating functional human tissue, the method comprising:

(a) embedding an embryoid body or organoid in an in vitro tissue construct, the tissue construct comprising:

(i) a first vascular network comprising one or more interconnected vascular channels, and

(ii) a second vascular network comprising one or more interconnected vascular channels;

(b) exposing the embedded embryoid body or organoid to one or more of a biological agent gradient, a pressure gradient, and/or an oxygen tension gradient, thereby inducing angiogenesis of capillary vessels to and/or from the embryoid body or organoid via delivery of the gradient by at least one of the first and the second vascular networks; and

(c) wherein exposing the embedded embryoid body or organoid to one or more of a biological agent gradient, a pressure gradient, and/or an oxygen tension gradient promotes vascularizing the embryoid body or organoid, the capillary vessels connecting the first vascular network to the second vascular network, thereby creating functional human tissue having a single vascular network and a perfusable tissue structure.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological agent gradient includes one or more of the following: growth factors, morphogens, small molecules, drugs, hormones, DNA, shRNA, siRNA, nanoparticles, mRNA, modified mRNA.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more interconnected vascular channels are formed by a manufacturing process or by a biological developmental process that includes at least one of vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, or tubulogenesis.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more of biological agent gradient, the pressure gradient, and/or the oxygen tension gradient further direct development, differentiation, and/or functioning of the embryoid body or organoid.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first vascular network and the second vascular network are independently addressable.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first vascular network and the second vascular network are not in contact with each other prior to the vascularizing step (c).

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first vascular network comprises an arterial plexus and the second vascular network comprises a venous plexus.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single vascular network comprises at least one of an interpenetrating vascular network or a branched interpenetrating vascular network.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single vascular network comprises interconnected arterial and venous channels.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the embryoid body or organoid is created by culturing at least one of: pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, progenitor cells, terminally differentiated cells, endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, immortalized cell lines, or primary cells.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein, prior to, during and/or after the embedding, the embryoid body or organoid is further differentiated into a tissue containing at least one of pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, progenitor cells, terminally differentiated cells, endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, immortalized cell lines, or primary cells.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the embryoid body or organoid is selected from the group consisting of: cerebral organoid, thyroid organoid, intestinal or gut organoid, hepatic organoid, pancreatic organoid, gastric organoid, kidney organoid, retinal organoid, cardiac organoid, bone organoid, and epithelial organoid.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the embryoid body or organoid is exposed to the biological agent gradient by at least one of:

diffusion of one or more biological agents within the tissue construct;

localized deposition of materials loaded with one or more biological agents within the tissue construct;

localized de-novo production of growth factors by localized protein translation; or

perfusion of one or both of the first and second vascular networks with one or more biological agents.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein only one of the first and second vascular networks is exposed to a biological agent gradient prior to the vascularizing step (c).

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein both the first and second vascular networks are exposed to a biological agent gradient, and wherein the biological agent concentration in the first vascular network is different than the biological agent concentration in the second vascular network.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein both the first and second vascular networks are exposed to a biological agent gradient, and wherein the biological agent concentration in the first vascular network is the same as the biological agent concentration in the second vascular network.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological agent in the biological agent gradient comprises is one or more of: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), the angiopoietin ANG-1, the angiopoietin ANG-2, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), epidermal growth factor (EGF), human growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's), or histamine.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein an oxygen partial pressure gradient is introduced to one or both of the first and second vascular networks during the exposing step.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the oxygen partial pressure gradient is formed by introducing deoxygenated media into one of the first and second vascular networks, and by introducing oxygenated media into the other of the first and second vascular networks.

20. The method of claim 13 , wherein one or both of the first and second vascular networks are subjected to a transmural pressure during the perfusion.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein, prior to embedding the embryoid body or organoid in the tissue construct, the embryoid body or organoid is encapsulated in an extracellular matrix material comprising a gel.

22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the embryoid body or organoid comprises a first population of embryoid body or organoid cells and a second population of embryoid body or organoid cells.

23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the embryoid body or organoid comprises at least two of: pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, progenitor cells, terminally differentiated cells, endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, immortalized cell lines, neural cells, primary cells, or a combination thereof.

24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the embryoid body or organoid is created by:

culturing a wild-type population of cells and a genetically-engineered inducible population of cells in a medium;

inducing direct differentiation and/or transdifferentiation of the genetically-engineered inducible population of cells into a first population of the embryoid body or organoid cells;

inducing differentiation of the wild-type population of cells into a second population of the embryoid body or organoid cells; and

thereby forming the embryoid body or organoid comprising at least the first population of the embryoid body or organoid cells and the second population of embryoid body or organoid cells.

25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the embryoid body or organoid is selected from the group consisting of: cerebral organoid, thyroid organoid, intestinal or gut organoid, hepatic organoid, pancreatic organoid, gastric organoid, kidney organoid, retinal organoid, cardiac organoid, bone organoid, and epithelial organoid.

26. The method of claim 24 , wherein the genetically-engineered inducible population of cells is created by introducing a DNA delivery element comprising at least one of constitutive promoter, small molecule inducible promoter, cell-autonomous promoter, cell non-autonomous promoter, selection marker, or a combination thereof.

27. The method of claim 24 , wherein the first population of the embryoid body or organoid cells comprises pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, progenitor cells, terminally differentiated cells, endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, immortalized cell lines, or primary cells.

28. The method of claim 24 , wherein the step of inducing direct differentiation and/or transdifferentiation of the genetically-engineered inducible population of cells comprises introducing at least one cue selected from the group consisting of transcription factors, drugs, small molecules, growth factors, morphogens, hormones, DNA, shRNA, siRNA, nanoparticles, mRNA, modified mRNA, heat, light, and mechanical force.

29. The method of claim 24 , wherein the induced direct differentiation and or transdifferentiation is accompanied by a secondary gene induction.

30. The method of claim 24 , wherein the step of culturing is in a differentiation medium, and wherein the differentiation medium comprises doxycycline (DOX).

31. The method of claim 24 , wherein the wild-type population of cells comprises induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or iPSCs-derived patient-specific cell lines.

32. The method of claim 1 , wherein one or both of the first and second vascular networks comprise microfluidic channels.

33. The method of claim 1 , wherein a plurality of the embryoid bodies or organoids are embedded in the tissue construct.

34. The method of claim 33 , wherein the embryoid bodies or organoids comprise different phenotypes.

35. The method of claim 33 , wherein the embryoid bodies or organoids comprise the same phenotype.

36. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tissue construct comprises an array of the tissue constructs, wherein the embedding, exposing and vascularizing is carried out in each tissue construct.

37. An implantable, functional human tissue formed by the in vitro method of claim 1 , wherein the embryoid body or organoid is prepared for an immunofluorescence protocol.