Toxicity management for anti-tumor activity of CARs
The present invention provides compositions and methods for treating cancer in a patient. In one embodiment, the method comprises a first-line therapy comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a genetically modified T cell expressing a CAR wherein the CAR comprises an antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain, a costimulatory signaling region, and a CD3 zeta signaling domain and monitoring the levels of cytokines in the patient post T cell infusion to determine the type of second-line of therapy appropriate for treating the patient as a consequence of the presence of the CART cell in the patient.
1. A method of treating a patient having a cancer, the method comprising administering to the patient a T cell genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), wherein the CAR comprises an antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, wherein the administration of the T cell genetically modified to express the CAR (CAR T cell) to the patient results in cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and further comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a cytokine inhibitor to treat the CRS, wherein the cytokine inhibitor inhibits a cytokine selected from the group consisting of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-2R, IFN-α, IFN-γ, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1, GM-CSF, G-CSF, CXCL9, CXCL 10, CXCR factors, VEGF, RANTES, EOTAXIN, EGF, HGF, FGF-β, CD40, CD40L, ferritin and any combination thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CAR further comprises one or more intracellular domains selected from the group consisting of a CD28 signaling domain, a CD3zeta signaling domain, and any combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antigen binding domain targets a tumor antigen.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said CRS leads to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.
5. The method of claim 1 ,
(i) wherein the cancer is a hematological malignancy selected from the group consisting of acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, promyelocytic leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, erythroleukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, polycythemia vera, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, hairy cell leukemia, myelodysplasia, pre-B ALL (pediatric indication), adult ALL, mantle cell lymphoma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma;
(ii) wherein the cancer is a solid tumor;
(iii) wherein the cancer is a primary or metastatic cancer; and/or
(iv) wherein the cancer is refractory or resistant to at least one chemotherapy.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CAR T cell is a human T cell transduced in vitro with a vector expressing the CAR, and the CAR T cell is autologous to the patient.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CART cell is administered as a pharmaceutical composition in combination with diluents and/or other components but not IL-2.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cytokine inhibitor is a nucleic acid inhibitor selected from the group consisting of a small interfering RNA (siRNA), an antisense RNA, an antibody, and a small chemical molecule.
9. A method of reducing or avoiding an adverse effect associated with administration of a T cell genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to a patient, wherein the CAR comprises an antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, wherein administration of the T cell genetically modified to express the CAR (CAR T cell) to the patient results in cytokine release syndrome (CRS), the method comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a cytokine inhibitor to treat the CRS, wherein the cytokine inhibitor inhibits a cytokine selected from the group consisting of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-2R, IFN-α, IFN-γ, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1, GM-CSF, G-CSF, CXCL9, CXCL 10, CXCR factors, VEGF, RANTES, EOTAXIN, EGF, HGF, FGF-β, CD40, CD40L, ferritin and any combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the CAR further comprises one or more intracellular domains selected from the group consisting of a CD28 signaling domain, a CD3zeta signaling domain, and any combination thereof.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the antigen binding domain targets a tumor antigen.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the CRS leads to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the CAR T cell induces elevated levels of IFN-γ or IL-2 in the patient.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising administering a corticosteroid in addition to the cytokine inhibitor.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the corticosteroid is methylprednisolone.
16. The method of claim 9 , further comprising administering a corticosteroid in addition to the cytokine inhibitor.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the corticosteroid is methylprednisolone.
18. The method of claim 3 wherein the tumor antigen is selected from the group consisting of one or more of CD19, CD20, CD22, EGFRvIII, and IL3Ra.
19. The method of claim 11 wherein the tumor antigen is selected from the group consisting of one or more of CD19, CD20, CD22, EGFRvIII, and IL3Ra.
20. The method of claim 5 , wherein the CAR is an anti-CD19 CAR, an anti-CD20 CAR, an anti-CD22 CAR, an anti-EGFRvIII CAR, or an anti-IL3Ra CAR.