Methods of making metal particles
Disclosed herein are methods of making a plurality of metal particles, the methods comprising: injecting a metal particle precursor, a capping material, and a reducing agent into an inlet of a continuous flow microwave reactor, thereby forming a mixture within the continuous flow microwave reactor, wherein the inlet of the continuous flow microwave reactor is fluidly connected to an outlet of the continuous flow microwave reactor through a reaction vessel; flowing the mixture through the reaction vessel, wherein the metal particle precursor is reduced within the reaction vessel, thereby forming the plurality of metal particles; and collecting the plurality of metal particles from the outlet of the continuous flow microwave reactor.
1. A method of making a plurality of metal particles, the method comprising:
injecting a metal particle precursor, a capping material, and a reducing agent into an inlet of a continuous flow microwave reactor, thereby forming a mixture within the continuous flow microwave reactor, wherein the inlet of the continuous flow microwave reactor is fluidly connected to an outlet of the continuous flow microwave reactor through a reaction vessel;
flowing the mixture through the reaction vessel, wherein the metal particle precursor is reduced within the reaction vessel, thereby forming the plurality of metal particles; and
collecting the plurality of metal particles from the outlet of the continuous flow microwave reactor;
wherein the metal particle precursor is a metal salt;
wherein the continuous flow microwave reactor comprises:
a sample containment vessel, a microwave cavity, and a heating element;
the sample containment vessel having a first end fluidly connected to a second end through a reaction vessel portion, the first end of the sample containment vessel being the inlet of the continuous flow microwave reactor, the second end of the sample containment vessel being the outlet of the continuous flow microwave reactor;
wherein the reaction vessel portion is located within the microwave cavity and the inlet and the outlet are located outside of the microwave cavity;
wherein the reaction vessel is in thermal contact with the heating element; and
wherein the heating element comprises a bath and the reaction vessel portion is immersed within the bath.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bath comprises an oil bath.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bath comprises ethylene glycol.
4. The method of claim 1 , the method further comprising heating the heating element to a temperature of from 100° C. to 200° C. using microwave irradiation.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising heating the mixture to a temperature of from 100° C. to 200° C. using microwave irradiation.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample containment vessel comprises a tube.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the tube comprises a polymer.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal salt comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Au, Ag, Os, Ir, and combinations thereof such that the plurality of metal particles comprise a metal selected from the group consisting of Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Au, Ag, Os, Ir, and combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal salt comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Rh, Ag, and combinations thereof such that the plurality of metal particles comprise a metal selected from the group consisting of Rh, Ag, and combinations thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal particle precursor comprises a first metal precursor and a second metal precursor; wherein the first metal precursor is a first metal salt and the second metal precursor is a second metal salt, the first metal salt comprising a first metal and the second metal salt comprising a second metal, wherein the first metal is different from the second metal; and wherein the first metal precursor and the second metal precursor are provided at a ratio such that the molar ratio of the first metal to the second metal is from 1:99 to 99:1 such that the plurality of metal particles comprise a mixture of two metals and the two metals are provided at a ratio of from 1:99 to 99:1.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the capping material comprises citrate, cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), cetrimonium chloride (CTAC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or combinations thereof.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reducing agent comprises a borohydride, a citrate, an ascorbic acid, an amino acid, a surfactant, or a combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reducing agent comprises ethylene glycol.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture is flowed through the reaction vessel at a flow rate of from 1 cm 3 h −1 to 50 cm 3 h −1 .
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture has a residence time within the reaction vessel of 35 minutes or less.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of metal particles are a single metal.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of metal particles have an average particle size of from 1 nm to 20 nm.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of metal particles are substantially cuboctahedral in shape.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of metal particles are produced at a rate of 20 mg/hour or more.
20. A method of making a supported catalyst, the method comprising: dispersing the plurality of metal particles made by the method of claim 1 onto a support material.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the support material comprises SiO 2 .