Fluid treatment apparatus and process
Liquid treatment apparatus comprises at least two chambers being first and second chambers through which a fluid can flow. The two chambers are separated by at least one choke nozzle which has an entrance in the first chamber and an exit in the second chamber. The choke nozzle comprises a converging section at its entrance, a throat section, a backward-facing step immediately after the throat section, and an exit section at its exit wherein the exit section diverges from the step. Similarly constructed mixing nozzles may be included in the apparatus. The apparatus is especially useful in processes requiring a gas to be entrained in a fluid so that the gas is in the form of very small bubbles that do not tend to coalesce and flash off such as in the dissolution of gold and other precious metals from ore and in the removal of arsenic from an ore.
1. Fluid treatment apparatus for conducting a physical or chemical reaction in which a slurry and a gas are contacted such that the slurry and at least a component of the gas partake in the physical or chemical reaction, the fluid treatment apparatus comprising at least two chambers being first and second chambers through which a fluid can flow, the two chambers being separated by at least one choke nozzle which has an entrance in the first chamber and an exit in the second chamber, wherein the choke nozzle comprises a converging section at its entrance, a throat section, a backward-facing step immediately after the throat section, and an exit section at its exit which opens into the second chamber wherein the choke nozzle is configured to promote cavitation resulting from choked flow wherein the apparatus includes one or more gas inlets having their axes extending transversely at an offset in a generally tangential direction relative to slurry flow so that a swirling action of diffusing gas in the slurry results, the apparatus being characterized in that mixing nozzles are included in the apparatus for mixing fluids either before they enter a choke nozzle or after they leave a choke nozzle, or both and wherein a mixing nozzle has a converging section at its entrance, a throat section, a backward-facing step immediately after the throat section, and an exit section at its exit which opens into a downstream chamber.
2. Fluid treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the choke nozzle's converging section, the throat and the exit section are each of circular shape in cross-section and the exit section diverges.
3. Fluid treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the converging section of a nozzle has a cone angle of from 1 to 35 degrees.
4. Fluid treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 3 in which the cone angle is from 15 to 30 degrees.
5. Fluid treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the backward-facing step of a choke nozzle extends radially outwards beyond the throat section by 3 to 10% of the diameter of the throat.
6. Fluid treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 5 in which the backward-facing step extends radially outwards beyond the throat section by from 4 to 8%.
7. Fluid treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the exit section diverges with a cone angle of from 1 to 8 degrees.
8. Fluid treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 7 in which the exit section diverges with a cone angle of from 2 to 8 degrees.
9. Fluid treatment apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which a diverging exit section to a nozzle has additional successive backward-facing steps along the exit section.