3D self-assembled multi-modal carbon-based particles integrated into a continuous electrode film layer

1. An electrochemical cell comprising:

an anode containing an anode active material,

a cathode containing a cathode active material,

a porous separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, and

a liquid electrolyte in contact with the anode active material and the cathode active material, at least one of the anode or the cathode comprising:

an electrically conductive substrate;

a first contiguous film deposited on the electrically conductive substrate, the first contiguous film consisting of a first concentration of three-dimensional (3D) self-assembled binder-less multi-modal mesoporous carbon-based particles in contact with each other that collectively define a first electrical conductivity for the first contiguous film, each 3D self-assembled binder-less multi-modal mesoporous carbon-based particle comprising:

a plurality of electrically conductive 3D aggregates formed of graphene sheets randomly sintered together to form a 3D hierarchical open porous structure including mesoscale structuring in combination with micron-scale fractal structuring, the plurality of electrically conductive 3D aggregates configured to provide electrical conduction between contact points of the graphene sheets; and

a porous arrangement defining a plurality of interconnected porous channels formed in the 3D hierarchical open porous structure, the porous arrangement containing the liquid electrolyte and configured to facilitate ion transport through at least some interconnected porous channels; and

a second contiguous film deposited on the first contiguous film, the second contiguous film consisting of a second concentration of 3D self-assembled binder-less multi-modal mesoporous carbon-based particles in contact with each other that collectively define a second electrical conductivity for the second contiguous film, wherein the second electrical conductivity of the second contiguous film is lower than the first electrical conductivity of the first contiguous film.

2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode active material or the cathode active material resides in pores of the anode and the cathode.

3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode active material or the cathode active material has a specific surface area between approximately 80 m 2 /g and approximately 2,675 m 2 /g.

4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode active material or the cathode active material further comprises any one or more of pre-lithiated graphene sheets, pristine graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, boron-doped graphene, nitrogen doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, physically or chemically activated or etched versions thereof, or conductive polymer coated or grafted versions thereof.

5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the electrically conductive 3D aggregates are sintered together and form an open porous scaffold independent of a binder.

6. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the 3D hierarchical open porous structure comprises an active Li intercalating structure with a specific capacity of between approximately 744 and approximately 1,116 milliampere hours per gram (mAh/g).

7. The electrochemical cell of claim 4 , wherein the chemically functionalized graphene includes a functional group imparted to the 3D hierarchical open porous structure, wherein the functional group is quinone, hydroquinone, quaternized aromatic amines, mercaptan, disulfide, sulfonate (—SO 3 ), transition metal oxide, transition metal sulfide, or any combination thereof.

8. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive substrate is a current collector.

9. The electrochemical cell of claim 8 , wherein the current collector includes metal foam, metal web, metal screen, perforated metal, sheet-based 3D structure, metal fiber mat, metal nanowire mat, conductive polymer nanofiber mat, conductive polymer foam, conductive polymer-coated fiber foam, carbon foam, graphite foam, carbon aerogel, carbon xerogel, graphene foam, graphene oxide foam, reduced graphene oxide foam, carbon fiber foam, graphite fiber foam, exfoliated graphite foam, or any combination thereof.

10. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode active material or the cathode active material further comprises one or more of a plurality of nanoparticles, a plurality of nanodiscs, a plurality of nanoplatelets, a plurality of nano-coatings, or a plurality of nanosheets of an inorganic material.

11. The electrochemical cell of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles, the plurality of nanodiscs, the plurality of nanoplatelets, the plurality of nano-coatings, or the plurality of nanosheets of an inorganic material include bismuth selenide or bismuth telluride, transition metal dichalcogenide or trichalcogenide, sulfide, selenide, telluride of a transition metal, boron nitride, or any combination thereof.

12. The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the nanoplatelets each have a thickness less than between 5 nanometers (nm) and 10 nm and a width between 1 micrometer (μm) and 5 μm.

13. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first electrical conductivity is between approximately 500 Siemens per meter (S/m) and approximately 20,000 S/m.

14. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the second electrical conductivity is between 100 Siemens per meter (S/m) and 500 S/m.

15. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first contiguous film has an average thickness between approximately 10 micrometers (μm) and approximately 200 μm.

16. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the second contiguous film has an average thickness between approximately 10 micrometers (μm) and approximately 200 μm.