Apparatus to limit event energy
An apparatus for limiting event energy in an underground structure having free space includes: an inner layer configured to envelope and seal an interior volume; an outer layer configured to envelope the inner layer; and, wherein the interior volume includes a volume-occupying material, having a solid material, a semi-solid material, a gaseous material, or any combination of the solid, the semi-solid, and the gaseous material.
1. An apparatus for limiting event energy in an underground structure having free space, the apparatus comprising:
an inner layer configured to envelope and seal an interior volume, the inner layer comprising a non-permeable material;
an outer layer configured to envelope the inner layer;
wherein the interior volume comprises a volume-occupying material, comprising a solid material, a semi-solid material, a gaseous material, or any combination of the solid, the semi-solid, and the gaseous material; and
wherein the non-permeable material of the inner layer is inflatable and deflatable that enables the apparatus to be inflated and conformable to underground utilities within the free space of the underground structure.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
at least one handle securely attached to or integrated with the outer layer.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein:
the at least one handle comprises two handles disposed on opposing ends of the apparatus.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein:
the at least one handle comprises a visibility enhancing material.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the interior volume is occupied by the volume-occupying material in an amount equal to or less than 90% and equal to or greater than 70% of a maximum available volume of the interior volume.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the volume-occupying material comprises perlite.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the inner layer comprises a material having one or more of the following characteristics: a non-electrically conductive material; and, a low flammability material.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein:
the material comprises polyethylene or polypropylene.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the outer layer comprises a material having one or more of the following characteristics: a durable heat resistant material; a non-electrically conductive material; and, a low flammability material.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein:
the material comprises nylon, polyester, or Kevlar.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the outer layer comprises at least one fluid drain port.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the outer layer comprises a closable opening, the opening being sized to permit removal and replacement of the inner layer with the volume-occupying material contained therein.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the inner layer comprises a self-sealing port configured to provide for inflation and deflation of the interior volume.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein:
the self-sealing port comprises a valve.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein:
the interior volume is inflated to an internal pressure of greater than 0 psi and equal to or less than 3 psi.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein:
the interior volume is inflated to an internal pressure of greater than 0 psi and equal to or less than 1 psi.
17. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein:
the interior volume is inflated with air or an inert gas.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the apparatus has an overall weight of equal to or greater than 5 pounds and equal to or less than 50 pounds.
19. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the apparatus has an overall weight of equal to or greater than 15 pounds equal to or less than 30 pounds.
20. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the apparatus has an overall occupancy volume of equal to or greater than 1 cubic feet and equal to or less than 5 cubic feet.
21. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the apparatus has an overall occupancy volume of equal to or greater than 1.5 cubic feet and equal to or less than 3.5 cubic feet.
22. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the outer layer has a 3D rectangular-box-like shape.
23. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the outer layer has a 3D cylindrical-disc-like shape.
24. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the outer layer has a 3D sphere-like shape.
25. A method of removing free space from an underground structure, comprising:
providing access to the underground structure;
inserting one or more of the apparatus of claim 1 into the free space of the underground structure to occupy at least a portion of the free space; and
closing access to the underground structure.