Negative-resistance circuit and active filter for millimetre wave frequencies
The invention relates to a tunable, silicon-based negative-resistance circuit ( 10, 30 ) and to an active filter ( 50 ) for E-band frequencies (60 to 90 GHz). A base of a transistor ( 11 ) is connected to an on-chip inductive transmission line ( 13 ) which has a length of approximately a quarter-wavelength at a frequency of 83.5 GHz. The transmission line connects a DC voltage source ( 14 ) to the base terminal of the transistor ( 11 ) in order to bias the base. Another DC voltage source ( 15 ) is connected to the collector of the transistor ( 11 ) to bias the transistor. A capacitor ( 16 ) operatively bypasses or decouples the voltage source ( 15 ) in order to shunt high frequencies or alternating current (AC) signals to ground. The emitter terminal of the transistor ( 11 ) is connected to ground through a resistor ( 18 ) to limit the collector current (l e ). The circuit gives rise to improved quality factor of resonators.
1. An active filter which includes:
a plurality of negative-resistance circuits; and
a plurality of coupled resonators, wherein each negative-resistance circuit has an output terminal which is operatively connected in series to a one coupled resonator to form a silicon based microstrip bandpass filter configured for use in the millimetre wave frequency band ranging between 30 GHz and 300 GHz, and wherein each negative-resistance circuit includes:
only one transistor having three terminals;
an inductive element in the form a distributed constant transmission line which is connected to a first terminal of the transistor, the inductive element operatively serving as a Radio Frequency (RF) choke to connect a first power source to the first terminal of the transistor in order to bias the first terminal while suppressing Radio Frequency (RF);
a first capacitive element which operatively bypasses a second power source, connected to a second terminal of the transistor, in order to shunt high frequencies;
a second capacitive element which capacitively couples the output terminal to the first terminal of the transistor; and
a capacitive feedback circuit which is configured to feed a signal from a third terminal of the transistor back to the first terminal.
2. The active filter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the resonators are quarter-wave transmission line resonators.
3. The active filter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the third terminal of the transistor is connected to a ground potential through a resistive element.
4. The active filter as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the capacitive feedback circuit includes a third capacitive dement which connects the third terminal to the first terminal.
5. The active filter as claimed in claim 4 , which includes a fourth capacitive element, one end of which is connected to the third terminal of the transistor and to the third capacitive element, the other end of which is connected to the ground potential and wherein the fourth capacitive element is in parallel connection with the resistive element.
6. An active filter as claimed in claim 5 , in which any one of the second, third or fourth capacitive elements is a variable capacitive element.
7. The active filter as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the variable capacitive dement includes a varactor.
8. The active filter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the transistor is a heterojunction bipolar transistor, the first terminal corresponding to the base, the second terminal corresponding to the collector and the third terminal corresponding to the emitter of the transistor.
9. The active filter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the silicon-based microstrip bandpass filter is configured for use in E-band frequencies ranging between 60 GHz and 90 GHz.
10. An on-wafer negative-resistance circuit configured for millimetre wave frequencies ranging between 30 GHz and 300 GHz having an output terminal which is operatively connected or connectable to a transmission line, the negative-resistance circuit including:
only one transistor having three terminals;
an inductive element in the form of a distributed constant transmission line which is connected to a first terminal of the transistor, the inductive element operatively serving as a Radio Frequency (RF) choke to connect a first power source to the first terminal of the transistor in order to bias the first terminal while suppressing Radio Frequency (RF);
a first capacitive element which operatively bypasses a second power source, connected to a second terminal of the transistor, in order to shunt high frequencies;
a second capacitive element which capacitively couples the output terminal to the first terminal of the transistor; and
a capacitive feedback circuit which is configured to feed a signal from a third terminal of the transistor hack to the first terminal.
11. A semiconductor device which includes:
a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) die; and
the negative-resistance circuit as claimed in claim 10 on the die.
12. A semiconductor device which includes:
a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) die; and
the active filter as claimed in claim 9 on the die.