Cartilage treatment
A method of treating hyaline cartilage of a subject is provided, the method including implanting a first exposed electrode surface in osteochondral tissue of the subject, and implanting a second exposed electrode surface in a body of the subject. Regeneration of the hyaline cartilage is promoted by activating control circuitry to drive the first and the second exposed electrode surfaces to drive nutrients toward the first exposed electrode surface. Other embodiments are also described.
1. A method of treating hyaline cartilage of a subject, the method comprising:
implanting a first exposed electrode surface in osteochondral tissue of the subject;
implanting a second exposed electrode surface in a body of the subject; and
promoting regeneration of the hyaline cartilage by activating control circuitry to drive the first and the second exposed electrode surfaces to drive nutrients toward the first exposed electrode surface.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein implanting the first exposed electrode surface comprises implanting the first exposed electrode surface in physical contact with an external surface of subchondral bone of the osteochondral tissue.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein implanting the first exposed electrode surface comprises implanting the first exposed electrode surface within subchondral bone of the osteochondral tissue.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein implanting the first exposed electrode surface comprises implanting the first exposed electrode surface within the hyaline cartilage of the osteochondral tissue.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein implanting the first exposed electrode surface comprises implanting the first exposed electrode surface in the osteochondral tissue such that at least a portion of the first exposed electrode surface is under a chondral defect of the hyaline cartilage.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein implanting the first exposed electrode surface comprises implanting the first exposed electrode surface in the osteochondral tissue such that at least a portion of the first exposed electrode surface is not under a chondral defect of the hyaline cartilage.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein implanting the second exposed electrode surface comprises implanting the second exposed electrode surface in physical contact with synovial fluid in a joint cavity of a joint capsule of the subject.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein implanting the second exposed electrode surface comprises implanting the second exposed electrode surface in physical contact with a capsular ligament of a joint capsule of the subject.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein activating the control circuitry comprises activating the control circuitry to configure the first exposed electrode surface to be a cathode and the second exposed electrode surface to be an anode.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein activating the control circuitry comprises activating the control circuitry to apply a voltage between the first and the second exposed electrode surfaces.
11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the voltage is 0.1-1.1 V.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein activating the control circuitry comprises activating the control circuitry to drive the first and the second exposed electrode surfaces to electroosmotically drive fluid containing the nutrients toward the first exposed electrode surface.
13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein activating the control circuitry comprises activating the control circuitry to cyclically:
drive the first and the second exposed electrode surfaces to electroosmotically drive the nutrient-containing fluid toward the first exposed electrode surface, and
provide rest periods during which the nutrient-containing fluid is not electroosmotically driven toward the first exposed electrode surface.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises identifying that the subject suffers from osteoarthritis, and wherein implanting the first and the second exposed electrode surfaces comprises implanting the first and the second exposed electrode surfaces responsively to identifying that the subject suffers from the osteoarthritis.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein implanting the first exposed electrode surface in the osteochondral tissue comprises implanting a chondral implant that includes the first exposed electrode surface, the chondral implant configured to stimulate the hyaline cartilage regeneration in a chondral defect of the hyaline cartilage.
16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein implanting the second exposed electrode surface comprises implanting the second exposed electrode surface at a non-zero distance from the chondral implant.
17. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the chondral implant includes a synthetic scaffold that is configured to stimulate the hyaline cartilage regeneration.
18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the synthetic scaffold includes an electrically-conductive material that serves as the first exposed electrode surface.
19. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the first exposed electrode surface is coupled to the synthetic scaffold, and wherein implanting the chondral implant comprises implanting the chondral implant such that the first exposed electrode surface is located deeper within the osteochondral tissue than the synthetic scaffold.
20. The method according to claim 15 , wherein implanting the chondral implant comprises implanting the chondral implant in a chondral defect of the hyaline cartilage.