Apparatus, systems, and methods to improve atrial fibrillation outcomes involving the left atrial appendage

1. A leadless pacemaker device for implantation within or near a left atrial appendage extending from a left atrium of a heart to monitor and/or treat a patient with conduction abnormalities and/or cardiac dysrhythmias, the device comprising:

a battery capable of storing electrical energy;

at least one electrode capable of sensing and pacing the left atrium;

a control processor capable of processing data;

a communication module to communicate outside of the patient;

a linear chain of subunits coupled together by connectors sized for introduction into the left atrial appendage, wherein the connectors are configured to allow each subunit to change orientation relative to any adjacent subunits; and

a cover portion coupled to the subunits and configured to close the left atrial appendage to prevent thrombus from within the left atrial appendage to embolize out of the left atrial appendage of the left atrium after positioning the subunits within the left atrial appendage.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the subunits are cylindrical in shape, wherein each of the subunits defines a length that is between about ten and thirty millimeters (10-30 mm), and a diameter that is between about three and six millimeters (3-6 mm).

3. The device of claim 1 , further comprising that the at least one electrode capable of sensing and pacing the left atrium is configured to be located against the wall of the left atrium outside of the left atrial appendage and at least two millimeters (2 mm) away from the ostium of the left atrial appendage.

4. The device of claim 1 , further comprising at least one electrode configured for delivering ablation energy.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the subunits are configured to undergo a first conformational change upon entering the left atrium and then undergo a second conformational change after being positioned within the left atrial appendage.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein each of the subunits is rigid and wherein the connectors allow the subunits to rotate or translate relative to adjacent subunits.

7. The system of claim 6 , wherein each of the rigid subunits has a fixed length between opposite ends, and wherein the connectors are coupled to the opposite ends of a plurality of the rigid subunits.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the connectors are more flexible than the subunits.

9. An elongate implantable pacemaker system for implantation within or near a left atrial appendage extending from a left atrium of a heart to monitor and/or treat a patient with conduction abnormalities and/or cardiac dysrhythmias, the system comprising;

a housing having a proximal end and a distal end, the housing sized for implantation within a left atrial appendage of a heart, the housing comprising a linear chain of subunits coupled together by connectors sized for introduction into the left atrial appendage;

a battery and a processor carried by the housing;

an expandable cover operatively coupled with the housing and configured to close the left atrial appendage after positioning the housing within the left atrial appendage; and

at least one pacing electrode,

wherein the connectors allow the subunits to rotate or translate relative to adjacent subunits such that the housing is configured to undergo a configuration change within a left atrium of the heart before being advanced into the left atrial appendage, and

wherein the cover is adapted to prevent blood clots from leaving the left atrial appendage after positioning the housing within the left atrial appendage.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the at least one pacing electrode is configured to be placed against a wall of the left atrium but outside the left atrial appendage.

11. The system of claim 9 , wherein the processor is coupled to the at least one pacing electrode and is configured to monitor signals from the heart to identify cardiac arrhythmias and to deliver anti-tachycardia pacing pulses via the at least one pacing electrode to the wall of the left atrium to treat abnormal fast atrial arrhythmias.

12. The system of claim 10 , wherein the processor is further configured to monitor for slow atrial rates in the heart and deliver one or more pacing pulses to speed up the atrial rates.

13. The system of claim 9 , wherein the processor is configured to deliver high output pacing from or near the left atrial appendage in order to capture ventricular tissue in order to speed up the ventricular rate.

14. The system of claim 9 , wherein the cover is configured to be aligned by at least one electrode configured to deliver electroporation energy to ablate atrial tissue capable of delivering ablation energy to electrically isolate the left atrial appendage from the rest of the left atrium.

15. The system of claim 9 , wherein the housing is configured to undergo the configuration change by one or more connectors coupled to the housing or by a delivery system.

16. A leadless pacemaker system for implantation within or near a left atrial appendage extending from a left atrium of a heart to monitor and/or treat a patient with conduction abnormalities and/or cardiac dysrhythmias, the system comprising:

a delivery sheath comprising a proximal end, a distal end sized for introduction into a left atrium of a heart, and a lumen extending between the proximal and distal ends;

a pacemaker device comprising a plurality of substantially rigid elements deployable sequentially through the lumen from the distal end into the left atrium, each element having a length between about ten and thirty millimeters (10-30 mm), the elements configured to adopt an expanded configuration within the left atrium;

an actuator for advancing the elements from the left atrium into the left atrial appendage, and releasing the elements to implant the device within the left atrial appendage; and

a cover operatively coupled to the elements and slidably received within the lumen such that the cover is deployed from the lumen after deploying the elements, the cover expandable for isolating the left atrial appendage from the left atrium after advancing the elements into the left atrial appendage.

17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the elements are connected sequentially together by connectors between adjacent elements, the connectors biased to a nonlinear shape such that, when the elements are deployed from the distal end of the delivery sheath, the connectors automatically cause the elements to spiral or fold into the expanded configuration.

18. The system of claim 17 , further comprising a constraining mechanism for constraining the elements in a contracted configuration having a lower profile than the expanded configuration before advancing the elements into the left atrial appendage.

19. The system of claim 18 , wherein the actuator is configured to release the elements from the contracted configuration once advanced into the left atrial appendage such that the connectors bias the elements back towards the expanded configuration to secure the elements within the left atrial appendage.

20. The system of claim 16 , wherein the elements are connected sequentially together by connectors between adjacent elements, and wherein the actuator is coupled to the connectors to direct the connectors to a nonlinear shape and cause the elements to spiral or fold into the expanded configuration.

21. The system of claim 20 , further comprising a constraining mechanism for constraining the elements in a contracted configuration having a lower profile than the expanded configuration before advancing the elements into the left atrial appendage.

22. The system of claim 16 , further comprising one or more electrodes carried by the cover, the one or more electrodes configured to contact a wall of the left atrium outside the left atrial appendage when the left atrial appendage is isolated by the cover.

23. The system of claim 22 , further comprising a processor coupled to the one or more electrodes configured to:

identify a cardiac condition of the heart warranting pacing; and

deliver electrical pacing via at least one of the one or more electrodes until the cardiac condition is remedied.

24. The system of claim 16 , wherein the pacemaker device further comprises a plurality of electrodes coupled to a power source, the electrodes configured to deliver energy to ablate atrial tissue to electrically isolate the left atrial appendage from the rest of the left atrium.

25. The system of claim 16 , wherein the elements carry one or more electrodes, the system further comprising a power source coupled to the one or more electrodes to deliver energy to heat tissue adjacent tissue to secure the elements within the left atrial appendage.