System for neuronavigation registration and robotic trajectory guidance, and related methods and devices

1. A system comprising:

a processor circuit; and

a memory comprising machine-readable instructions configured to cause the processor circuit to:

provide a medical image volume defining an image space, the medical image volume comprising:

an anatomical feature of a patient;

a registration fixture that is configured to be fixed with respect to the anatomical feature of the patient; and

a plurality of fiducial markers that are configured to be fixed with respect to the registration fixture;

based on the medical image volume, determine, for each fiducial marker of the plurality of fiducial markers, a position of the fiducial marker with respect to the image space;

determine, based on the determined positions of the plurality of fiducial markers, a position and orientation of the registration fixture with respect to the anatomical feature;

provide a tracking data frame defining a tracking space, the tracking data frame comprising positions of a first plurality of tracked markers that are fixed with respect to the registration fixture; and

based on the tracking data frame, determine a position of the anatomical feature with respect to the first plurality of tracked markers in the tracking space,

an electrode configured to be positioned within the anatomical feature, wherein the anatomical feature is a cerebral cortex, and

wherein the processor is configured to determine a planned trajectory of the electrode and a number of times the planned trajectory passes in and out of brain folds.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the tracking data frame further comprises positions of a second plurality of tracked markers that are fixed with respect to a patient support structure,

wherein the anatomical feature of the patient is fixed with respect to the patient support structure, and

wherein the machine-readable instructions are further configured to cause the processor circuit to:

based on the tracking data frame and the determined position of the anatomical feature with respect to the first plurality of tracked markers in the tracking space, determine a position of the anatomical feature with respect to the second plurality of tracked markers in the tracking space.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is positioned in the cerebral cortex based on an accuracy score based on a formula determining whether a portion of the cerebral cortex is a gyrus or a sulcus.

4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the electrode placement is based on a computer generated trajectory that positions the electrode through the gyrus and avoids penetrating the sulcus.

5. The system of claim 3 , wherein the accuracy score is determined by the avoidance of the sulcus.

6. The system of claim 3 , wherein a computer generated image of the cerebral cortex is presented and configured to display locations of multiple trajectories based on the accuracy score.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system includes a robotic arm coupled to a base.

8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the robotic arm is configured to be in an active mode, wherein a user manually moves the robotic arm through a range of positions representing different entry points into the cerebral cortex, wherein an indicator is configured to indicate visually or through haptic feedback the best trajectory based on an accuracy score.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the haptic feedback is a vibration.

10. A system comprising:

a processor circuit; and

a memory comprising machine-readable instructions configured to cause the processor circuit to:

provide a medical image volume defining an image space, the medical image volume comprising:

a cerebral cortex of a patient;

a registration fixture that is configured to be fixed with respect to the cerebral cortex of the patient; and

a plurality of fiducial markers that are configured to be fixed with respect to the registration fixture;

based on the medical image volume, determine, for each fiducial marker of the plurality of fiducial markers, a position of the fiducial marker with respect to the image space;

determine, based on the determined positions of the plurality of fiducial markers, a position and orientation of the registration fixture with respect to the cerebral cortex;

provide a tracking data frame defining a tracking space, the tracking data frame comprising positions of a first plurality of tracked markers that are fixed with respect to the registration fixture; and

based on the tracking data frame, determine a position of the cerebral cortex with respect to the first plurality of tracked markers in the tracking space,

a plurality of Stereo-EEG depth electrodes configured to be positioned within the cerebral cortex, and

wherein the processor is configured to determine a planned trajectory of one of the plurality of electrodes and a number of times the planned trajectory passes in and out of brain folds.

11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the stereo-EEG depth electrodes are positioned in a three dimensional grid within the cerebral cortex based on an accuracy score determined by formula generated by whether a portion of the cerebral cortex is a gyrus or a sulcus, and whether access to a target site requires penetration of the sulcus.

12. The system of claim 11 , wherein electrode placement of one of the plurality of electrodes is based on a computer generated trajectory that positions the electrode placement one of the plurality of electrodes through the gyrus and avoids penetrating the sulcus.

13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the accuracy score is determined by the avoidance of the sulcus.

14. The system of claim 11 , wherein the system includes a robotic arm coupled to a base.

15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the robotic arm is configured to be in an active mode, wherein a user manually moves the robotic arm through a range of positions representing different entry points into the cerebral cortex, wherein an indicator is configured to indicate visually or through haptic feedback the best trajectory based on the accuracy score.

16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the haptic feedback is a vibration.

17. A robotic system comprising:

a robotic arm coupled to a base;

a display coupled to the base;

an imaging device;

a processor circuit; and

a memory comprising machine-readable instructions configured to cause the processor circuit to:

provide a medical image volume defining an image space, the medical image volume comprising:

an anatomical feature of a patient;

a registration fixture that is configured to be fixed with respect to the anatomical feature of the patient; and

a plurality of fiducial markers that are fixed with respect to the registration fixture;

based on the medical image volume, determine, for each fiducial marker of the plurality of fiducial markers, a position of the fiducial marker with respect to the image space;

determine, based on the determined positions of the plurality of fiducial markers, a position and orientation of the registration fixture with respect to the anatomical feature;

provide a tracking data frame defining a tracking space, the tracking data frame comprising positions of a first plurality of tracked markers that are fixed with respect to the registration fixture; and

based on the tracking data frame, determine a position of the anatomical feature with respect to the first plurality of tracked markers in the tracking space,

an electrode configured to be positioned within the anatomical feature, wherein the anatomical feature is a cerebral cortex, and

wherein the processor is configured to determine a planned trajectory of the electrode and a number of times the planned trajectory passes in and out of brain folds.

18. The robotic system of claim 17 , wherein the robotic arm is coupled to an end effector.

19. The robotic system of claim 18 , wherein the end effector includes a plurality of tracking markers.