Self-repairing polymeric coatings
A coating composition may include a polymeric binder and bacteria that exhibit biologically induced mineralization (BIM) or biologically controlled mineralization (BCM) of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in the presence of environmental calcium. The bacteria may exhibit BIM or BCM of CaCO 3 using the ChaA antiporter protein. The coating formulations may be used to form coatings that exhibit self-healing properties in response to damage, such as a cut, tear, puncture, abrasion, or the like. For example, in response to being exposed to the damage, the bacteria may utilize nutrients, a calcium source, and water to cause precipitation of CaCO 3 at the site of the damage. The nutrients, the calcium source, and the water may be provided as part of the coating formulation, as part of another layer of a coating system, from an external source (e.g., an applied spray or wash), or combinations thereof.
1. A coating composition comprising:
a polymeric binder comprising at least one of a (meth)acrylic latex, a vinyl acrylic latex, a styrene acrylic latex, or a polyurethane; and
bacteria that exhibit biologically induced mineralization or biologically controlled mineralization of calcium carbonate in the presence of environmental calcium.
2. The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the bacteria comprise vegetative bacteria.
3. The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the bacteria comprise spores.
4. The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the bacteria comprise genetically modified bacteria configured to exhibit enhanced calcium transport and secretion.
5. The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the bacteria are encapsulated in an encapsulant.
6. The coating composition of claim 5 , wherein the encapsulant comprises alginate or polydopamine.
7. The coating composition of claim 1 , comprising between about 10 2 colony forming units per milliliter and about 10 6 colony forming units per milliliter.
8. The coating composition of claim 1 , further comprising a calcium source.
9. The coating composition of claim 8 , wherein the calcium source comprises calcium carbonate particles.
10. The coating composition of claim 8 , comprising between about 0.2 wt. % and about 5 wt. % of the calcium source.
11. A coating composition of claim 1 , further comprising:
a polymeric binder;
nutrients; and
bacteria that exhibit biologically induced mineralization or biologically controlled mineralization of calcium carbonate in the presence of environmental calcium.
12. The coating composition of claim 11 , wherein the nutrients comprise at least one of a disaccharide, an amino acid, or a carboxylic acid.
13. The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric binder comprises at least one of a (meth)acrylic latex, a vinyl acrylic latex, or a styrene acrylic latex.
14. The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric binder comprises a polyurethane.
15. A coating composition comprising:
a polymeric binder;
an aqueous carrier liquid; and
bacteria that exhibit biologically induced mineralization or biologically controlled mineralization of calcium carbonate in the presence of environmental calcium.
16. The coating composition of claim 1 , further comprising an additive selected from a pigment, a colorant, a dispersant, a fungicide, an UV stabilizer, a thickener, a wetting agent, a defoamer, a filler, or a coalescent.
17. The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the coating composition is free of a biocide.
18. An article comprising:
a substrate; and
a coating system on the substrate, wherein the coating system comprises:
a coating layer comprising:
a polymeric binder comprising at least one of a (meth)acrylic latex, a vinyl acrylic latex, a styrene acrylic latex, or a polyurethane and bacteria that exhibit biologically induced mineralization or biologically controlled mineralization of calcium carbonate in the presence of environmental calcium nutrients, and
an additive comprising at least one of a pigment, a colorant, a dispersant, a fungicide, an UV stabilizer, a thickener, a wetting agent, a defoamer, a filler, or a coalescent; and
a calcium source.
19. The article of claim 18 , further comprising an underlayer or primer coat, wherein the underlayer or primer coat is between the substrate and the coating layer, and wherein the underlayer or primer coat comprises the calcium source.