Methods of recovering platinum group metals from waste streams

1. A method of removing platinum-group metal contaminants from a fluid and harvesting a platinum-group metal from the platinum-group metal contaminants, the method comprising:

contacting a fluid containing a platinum-group metal contaminant to a hydrogen gas and a biofilm anchored to a membrane, the biofilm anchored to the membrane comprising a hydrogen-oxidizing microorganism, an acidophilic microorganism, and a microorganism that reduces platinum-group metals;

capturing the platinum-group metal contaminant in the biofilm; and

harvesting the platinum-group metal contaminant from the biofilm.

2. The method of claim 1 , the method further comprising:

providing an aqueous system, wherein the aqueous system comprises the membrane and the membrane is a hollow fiber membrane;

inoculating the hollow fiber membrane with sludge to establish a biofilm-forming population of microorganisms on the hollow fiber membrane, wherein the biofilm-forming population of microorganisms forms the biofilm anchored to the membrane;

providing the inoculated aqueous system with a fluid comprising platinum-group metal contaminants, wherein the fluid comprising platinum-group metal contaminants establishes the biofilm and supports the growth of the biofilm.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the aqueous system is an anaerobic aqueous system.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid comprising platinum-group metal contaminants comprises a nitrogen source selected from the group consisting of a nitrate salt (NO 3 − ) and a nitrite salt (NO 2 ).

5. The method of claim 1 , the method further comprising:

providing the inoculated aqueous system with a denitrifying medium until the biofilm-forming population of microorganisms forms the biofilm, wherein the denitrifying medium comprises a nitrogen source selected from the group consisting of a nitrate salt (NO 3 − ) and a nitrite salt (NO 2 − ).

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biofilm comprises a genus of microorganism that is hydrogen-oxidizing, acidophilic, and reduces platinum-group metals.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reduced platinum-group metal contaminant is in the form of a nanoparticle.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the platinum-group metal contaminant is palladium (II) (Pd(II)), the biofilm comprises a microorganism that reduces Pd (II), and the reduced platinum-group metal contaminant is solid palladium (0) (Pd(0)).

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid comprising platinum-group metal contaminants has a pH range selected from the ranges in the group consisting of: 3-8, less than 7, and 3-5.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biofilm comprises at least one microorganism population selected from the group consisting of: Methanobacteriales, Actinomycetales, Clostridiales, Bacteroidales, Flavobacteriales, Rhizobiales, Rhodospirillales, Burkholderiales, Rhodocyclales, Xanthomonadales, and Desulfovibrionales.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biofilm comprises at least one microorganism population selected from the group consisting of: Rhodocyclaceae, Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Methanobacteriaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Comamonadaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biofilm comprises at least one microorganism population selected from the group consisting of: Dechloromonas, Desulfovibrio , and Actinobacteria.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biofilm comprises at least one group of microorganism selected from the group consisting of consisting of: methanobacteria, flavobacteria, α-proteobacteria, β-proteobacteria, and δ-proteobacteria.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reduced platinum-group metal contaminant is in a solid state.

15. A system for removing and harvesting platinum-group metal contaminants from a fluid, the system comprising:

a membrane;

an inoculant comprising a biofilm-forming population of microorganisms comprising a hydrogen oxidizer, an acidophile, and a microorganism that reduces platinum-group metals; and

a hydrogen-gas source.

16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the inoculant comprises at least one group of microorganism selected from the group consisting of: methanobacteria, flavobacteria, α-proteobacteria, β-proteobacteria, and δ-proteobacteria.

17. The system of claim 15 , wherein the fluid comprises a platinum-group metal contaminant and a biofilm comprising the biofilm-forming population of microorganisms utilizes hydrogen gas to reduce the platinum-group metal contaminant, thereby capturing reduced platinum-group metal in the biofilm.

18. The system of claim 15 , wherein the membrane is a nonporous hollow fiber membrane.

19. The system of claim 15 , further comprising a growth medium, the growth medium comprising at least one of a nitrogen source and a nutrient, wherein the nitrogen source is selected from the group consisting of a nitrate salt (NO 3 − ), and a nitrite salt (NO 2 − ), wherein the nutrient comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of: NH 4 C 1 , K 2 HPO 4 , CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , FeCl 2 , MgSO 4 , ZnSO 4 , MnCl 2 , H 3 BO 3 , CoCl 2 , CuCl 2 , NiCl 2 , Na 2 MoO 4 , and Na 2 SeO 3 .

20. The system of claim 15 , wherein the biofilm-forming population of microorganisms forms a biofilm, wherein the biofilm is anchored to the membrane.