Transdermal optogenetic peripheral nerve stimulation
A nerve in a mammal is optogenetically transduced, wherein the nerve is susceptible to stimulus by selective application of transdermal light, and a light source is applied to dermis of the mammal at or proximate to the optogenetically transduced nerve, to thereby stimulate the nerve. A wearable device for optogenetic motor control and sensation restoration of a mammal includes a wearable support, a power source at the wearable support, a controller at the wearable support and in electrical communication with a power source, and a transdermal light source coupled to the controller.
1. A wearable device for optogenetic motor control and restoring sensation in a mammal, comprising:
a) a wearable support configured to be positioned at a skin surface and in proximity to a peripheral nerve of the mammal;
b) a power source at the wearable support;
c) a transdermal light source configured to direct light toward the peripheral nerve of the mammal while wearing the support, the peripheral nerve being optogenetically altered to functionally express a specific opsin and the light source emitting light at a wavelength required for the specific opsin to respond to illumination; and
d) a controller at the wearable support and in electrical communication with the power source,
the controller configured to:
receive a physiological signal from the mammal; and
execute closed-loop control of the transdermal light source based on a physiological model linking the received physiological signal to an output signal providing for selective stimulation of the optogenetically altered nerve to induce muscle contraction in the mammal for motor control or to stimulate sensory fibers in the mammal for restoring sensation.
2. The wearable device of claim 1 , wherein the wearable support is a strap.
3. The wearable device of claim 2 , wherein the strap is a member selected from the group consisting of a wrist strap, a knee strap, a necklace, a headband, ankle strap, leg strap, stomach strap, and an arm strap.
4. The wearable device of claim 1 , wherein the wearable support is an adhesive patch.
5. The wearable device of claim 1 , wherein the transdermal light source includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of a light emitting diode (LED), diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser, diode laser, solid-state laser, vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), and edge emitting laser diode (EELD).
6. The wearable device of claim 1 , wherein the light source is of a type that emits a wavelength in a range of between about 300 nm and about 1100 nm.
7. The wearable device of claim 1 , further including at least one sensor in communication with the controller, whereby the at least one sensor provides sensory feedback to the controller which controls the light source to thereby selectively stimulate the optogenetically altered nerve.
8. The wearable device of claim 7 , wherein the sensory feedback is at least one member of the group consisting of cutaneous feedback and proprioceptive feedback.
9. The wearable device of claim 8 , wherein the at least one sensor is selected from the group consisting of an accelerometer, a position sensor, a torque sensor, and a gyroscope.
10. The wearable device of claim 1 , wherein the controller includes at least one member of the group consisting of a reflexive controller, a state-based controller, and a pattern-recognition controller.