Modulating expression level of a gene encoding an apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease protein by treating a human subject with a nitroxide

1. A method of decreasing expression level of a gene encoding APEX1, the method comprising:

identifying a subject having a disease or condition associated with increased expression level of the gene encoding APEX1, wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of cancer, an ocular neovascular disease, resistance to one or more chemotherapeutic agents, atherosclerosis, and a disease or condition which is not cancer, ocular neovascular disease, or coronary artery disease, wherein the disease or condition which is not cancer, ocular neovascular disease, or coronary artery disease is selected from the group consisting of Osteogenesis imperfecta, Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Achondrogenesis, hypochondrogenesis, Kniest dysplasia, Stickler syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Familial porencephaly, Hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms and muscle cramps syndrome, Benign familial haematuria, Alport syndrome, Leiomyomatosis, Bethlem myopathy, Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy, Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, Corneal endothelial dystrophies Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, Autosomal recessive Stickler syndrome, Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Marshall syndrome, Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia Deafness, and Junctional epidermolysis bullosaother Knobloch syndrome; and

administering an effective amount of a nitroxide antioxidant to the subject,

wherein the nitroxide antioxidant is 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL), and

whereby the expression level of the gene encoding APEX1 is decreased.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease or condition is cancer.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease or condition is an ocular neovascular disease.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein decreased expression of APEX1 prevents coronary artery disease.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease or condition is resistance to one or more chemotherapeutic agents.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease or condition is atherosclerosis.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the decreased expression of APEX1 inhibits tumor growth.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease or condition is caused by increased APEX1 activity.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the decreased expression level of APEX1 activates NRF2.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the expression level of the gene encoding APEX1 is decreased in cardiac tissue of the subject.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the expression level of the gene encoding APEX1 is decreased 1.23 fold.