Distributed semi-autonomous phased arrays for subsurface VLF transmission

1. A system for subsurface transmission comprising:

an array of very low frequency (VLF) transmitter nodes hosted on maritime platforms arranged in an array on a body of water, each VLF transmitter node comprising:

a controller;

a VLF transmitter coupled to the controller;

a data buffer coupled to the controller;

a navigation subsystem coupled to the controller; and

a communications transceiver coupled to the controller;

wherein each VLF transmitter node is positioned less than one half wavelength of a desired very low frequency from another VLF transmitter node;

wherein the array of VLF transmitter nodes has a center location;

wherein data to be transmitted is received by the communications transceiver in each VLF transmitter node and stored in the data buffer in each VLF transmitter node; and

wherein each respective VLF transmitter node transmits the data in the data buffer with phasing or timing based on position data from the navigation subsystem in the respective VLF transmitter node and the position data relative to the center location.

2. The system of claim 1 :

wherein each VLF transmitter node is positioned roughly a quarter wavelength of the desired very low frequency from another VLF transmitter node; and

wherein if t 0 is a time that a virtual node at the center location would begin transmission of the data, then each respective VLF transmitter node begins transmission of the data at time t 0 +vg*rho, where vg is a group velocity of a Norton wave to effectively couple into the Norton wave, and rho is a distance of a respective VLF transmitter node from the center location; or

wherein each VLF transmitter node is positioned roughly a quarter wavelength of the desired very low frequency from another VLF transmitter node; and

wherein if t 0 is a time that a virtual node at the center location would begin transmission of the data, then each respective VLF transmitter node begins transmission of the data at time t 0 +n*vg*rho, where n is greater than 1, vg is a group velocity of a Norton wave, and rho is a distance of a respective VLF transmitter node from the center location.

3. The system of claim 1 :

wherein the VLF transmitter in each VLF transmitter node comprises a loop or magnetic antenna with a magnetic field polarized parallel to a surface of the water; or

wherein the VLF transmitter in each VLF transmitter node comprises a monopole, a dipole or an electric antenna with an electric field polarized normal to a surface of the water.

4. The system of claim 1 :

wherein the communications transceiver in each VLF transmitter node comprises a high frequency (HF) transceiver, a very high frequency (VHF) transceiver, an ultra high frequency (UHF) transceiver, a satellite transceiver or a radio.

5. The system of claim 1 :

wherein each marine platform hosting a VLF transmitter node further comprises a propulsion system coupled to the controller for positioning and station keeping of the marine platform.

6. The system of claim 5 :

wherein a position of each marine platform and phasing or timing of each respective VLF transmitter is controlled by commands from a remote operator through a long-haul communication channel and received by each respective VLF transmitter via the communications transceiver; or

wherein one of the VLF transmitter nodes is a master VLF transmitter node; and

wherein a position of each marine platform and phasing or timing of each respective VLF transmitter is controlled by commands from the master VLF transmitter node through a local communication channel and received by each respective VLF transmitter via the communications transceiver.

7. The system of claim 1 :

wherein each navigation system comprises one or more of a global positioning system and an inertial sensor.

8. A system for subsurface transmission comprising:

an array of very low frequency (VLF) transmitter nodes hosted on a platform, each VLF transmitter node comprising:

a controller;

a VLF transmitter coupled to the controller;

a data buffer coupled to the controller;

a navigation subsystem coupled to the controller; and

a communications transceiver coupled to the controller;

wherein each VLF transmitter node is positioned less than one half wavelength of a desired very low frequency from another VLF transmitter node;

wherein the array of VLF transmitter nodes has a center location;

wherein data to be transmitted is received by the communications transceiver in each VLF transmitter node and stored in the data buffer in each VLF transmitter node; and wherein each respective VLF transmitter node transmits the data in the data buffer with phasing or timing based on position data from the navigation subsystem in the respective VLF transmitter node and the position data relative to the center location.