Analyzing fractured rock samples
The present disclosure describes methods and systems, including computer-implemented methods, computer program products, and computer systems, for analyzing a rock sample from a hydrocarbon reservoir. One method includes: subjecting the rock sample to a first effective stress without exceeding the effective stress under reservoir conditions of the hydrocarbon reservoir; measuring a first permeability of the sample at the first effective stress; increasing the effective stress on the sample to a second effective stress without exceeding the effective stress under reservoir conditions of the hydrocarbon reservoir; measuring a second permeability of the sample at the second effective stress; reducing the effective stress on the sample from the second effective stress to a third effective stress without exceeding the effective stress under reservoir conditions of the hydrocarbon reservoir; measuring a third permeability of the sample at the third effective stress; and distinguishing between a natural fracture and an artificial fracture in the sample based on the first and third permeabilities.
1. A method of analyzing a rock sample from a hydrocarbon reservoir, the method comprising:
subjecting the rock sample to a first effective stress without exceeding the effective stress under reservoir conditions of the hydrocarbon reservoir;
measuring a first permeability of the sample at the first effective stress;
increasing the effective stress on the sample to a second effective stress without exceeding the effective stress under reservoir conditions of the hydrocarbon reservoir;
measuring a second permeability of the sample at the second effective stress;
reducing the effective stress on the sample from the second effective stress to a third effective stress without exceeding the effective stress under reservoir conditions of the hydrocarbon reservoir;
measuring a third permeability of the sample at the third effective stress; and
distinguishing between a natural fracture and an artificial fracture in the sample based on the first and third permeabilities.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second effective stress is about 13.79 MPa.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second effective stress is about equal to the effective stress under reservoir conditions if the effective stress under reservoir conditions is less than 13.79 MPa.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and the third effective stress are about 3.45 MPa.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first effective stress and the third effective stress are equal.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein measuring the first, second, and third permeabilities comprises measuring the permeability of the sample using a pressure pulse decay method.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein increasing the effective stress on the sample to the second effective stress comprises maintaining a constant pore pressure of the sample and increasing a confining pressure on the sample.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein classifying the sample as a naturally fractured or artificially fractured sample comprises
calculating a permeability index PI
PI
=
k
A
-
k
C
k
c
where k A and k C are the first and third permeabilities, respectively, and
comparing the permeability index to a threshold, wherein values below the threshold indicate a naturally fractured sample, and values above the threshold indicate an artificially fractured sample.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising collecting the fractured rock sample from an unconventional reservoir.
10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions which, when executed, cause a computer system to perform operations comprising:
obtaining a first permeability measurement of a rock sample from a hydrocarbon reservoir at a first effective stress without exceeding the effective stress under reservoir conditions of the hydrocarbon reservoir;
obtaining a second permeability measurement of the sample at a second effective stress without exceeding the effective stress under reservoir conditions of the hydrocarbon reservoir, wherein the second effective stress is greater than the first effective stress;
obtaining a third permeability measurement of the sample at a third effective stress without exceeding the effective stress under reservoir conditions of the hydrocarbon reservoir, wherein the third effective stress is less than the second effective stress; and
distinguishing between a natural fracture and an artificial fracture in the sample based on the first and third permeability measurements.
11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10 , wherein the second effective stress is about 13.79 MPa.
12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10 , wherein the second effective stress is about equal to the effective stress under reservoir conditions if the effective stress under reservoir conditions is less than 13.79 MPa.
13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10 , wherein the first and the third effective stress are about 3.45 MPa.
14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10 , wherein the first effective stress and the third effective stress are equal.
15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10 , wherein measuring the first, second, and third permeabilities comprises measuring the permeability of the sample using a pressure pulse decay method.
16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10 , wherein classifying the sample as a naturally fractured or artificially fractured sample comprises
calculating a permeability index PI
PI
=
k
A
-
k
C
k
c
where k A and k C are the first and third permeabilities, respectively, and
comparing the permeability index to a threshold, wherein values below the threshold indicate a naturally fractured sample, and values above the threshold indicate an artificially fractured sample.
17. A system comprising
a permeability measuring device configured to subject a rock sample from a hydrocarbon reservoir to an effective stress and to measure the permeability of the rock sample at the effective stress; and
a controller connected to the permeability measuring device and configured to cause the permeability measuring device to perform operations comprising
subjecting the rock sample to a first effective stress without exceeding a reservoir pressure of the hydrocarbon reservoir,
measuring a first permeability of the sample at the first effective stress,
increasing the effective stress on the sample to a second effective stress without exceeding the effective stress under reservoir conditions of the hydrocarbon reservoir,
measuring a second permeability of the sample at the second effective stress,
reducing the effective stress on the sample from the second effective stress to a third effective stress without exceeding the effective stress under reservoir conditions of the hydrocarbon reservoir,
measuring a third permeability of the sample at the third effective stress, and
distinguishing between a natural fracture and an artificial fracture in the sample based on the first and third permeabilities.
18. The system of claim 17 , wherein the second effective stress is about 13.79 MPa.
19. The system of claim 17 , wherein the second effective stress is about equal to the effective stress under reservoir conditions if the effective stress under reservoir conditions is less than 13.79 MPa.
20. The system of claim 17 , wherein the first and the third effective stress are about 3.45 MPa.