Methods and apparatuses for transdermal stimulation of the outer ear
Transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators that are wearable and configured to attached to a subject's pinna (ear) and adapted to apply TES to modulate the subject's cognitive and/or physiological state. These apparatuses may be configured so that they can be worn against the ear (e.g., the cymba of the ear) to deliver TES. Also described herein are methods of using them to modulate a subject's cognitive state. These TES applicators may also be adapted to function as audio headphones for concurrent delivery of TES and audible signals (e.g., music).
1. A method of inducing a cognitive state comprising:
placing a first electrode of a portable transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicator into a subject's first ear in contact with a first pinna, and placing a second electrode of the portable TES applicator on the subject;
activating the TES applicator to deliver asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation between the first and second electrodes at an intensity of 0.20 mA or greater, a duty cycle of greater than 10% and a frequency of greater than 200 Hz; and
delivering the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation between the first and second electrodes for 10 seconds or longer, wherein delivering the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation comprises shifting the frequency of the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation in bursts of increased frequency or decreased frequency waveforms.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein placing the first electrode of the portable TES applicator comprises placing the second electrode of the portable TES applicator into the subject's second ear in contact with a second pinna.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein delivering comprises modifying the subject's cognitive state to induce a calm cognitive state by delivering the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation between the first and second electrodes for 10 seconds or longer.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method of inducing the cognitive state comprises enhancing learning of a task or skill.
5. The method of claim 4 , where the task or skill comprises proficiency of a foreign language or languages.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising delivering audio output to the subject from a speaker coupled to the portable TES applicator concurrently with delivery of the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein placing the first electrode comprises inserting an ear bud into the subject's first ear so that the first electrode is in contact with the subject's external auditory meatus.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising delivering a psychotropic drug or psychedelic drug concurrently before, during or after activating the TES applicator.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method of inducing the cognitive state comprises inducing relaxation or focus to enhance a piloting of an unmanned aerial vehicle, autonomous vehicle, or semi-autonomous vehicle.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method of inducing the cognitive state comprises inducing relaxation to improve the subject's sleep.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method of inducing the cognitive state comprises inducing relaxation to treat tinnitus.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method of inducing the cognitive state comprises inducing relaxation to treat cognitive disorders.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method of inducing the cognitive state comprises enhancing focus, or relaxation to treat mental health disorder comprising one or more of: depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse disorder.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein placing comprises placing the portable TES applicator so that the applicator is held in the subject's first ear by a friction fit.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising allowing a user to adjust the delivered asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein activating the portable TES applicator comprises triggering activation of the portable TES applicator from a portable computing device held or worn by the subject.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein activating comprises delivering a pulsed electrical stimulation that is asymmetric, biphasic transdermal electrical stimulation having a frequency of 300 Hz or greater.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein activating comprises delivering a pulsed electrical stimulation that is asymmetric, biphasic transdermal electrical stimulation having a frequency of 750 Hz or greater.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein activating comprises activating the TES applicator to deliver the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation having the duty cycle of greater than 10 percent.
20. The method of claim 1 , further comprising varying the applied asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation while the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation is applied.
21. The method of claim 1 , further comprising ramping the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation during the delivering by decreasing one or more of the intensity, the frequency, or the duty cycle and then increasing one or more of the intensity, the frequency, or the duty cycle.
22. A method of inducing a cognitive state comprising:
placing a portable transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicator into a subject's first ear so that a first and second electrode of the portable TES applicator contact a skin of the subject's pinna so that at least one of the first and second electrodes are in contact with the subject's external auditory meatus;
activating the portable TES applicator to deliver an asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation having an intensity of greater than 0.5 mA between the first electrode positioned in the subject's external auditory meatus and the second electrode on the subject's external auditory meatus;
delivering audio output to the subject from a speaker coupled to the portable TES applicator concurrently with delivery of the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation; and
applying the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation between the first and second electrodes for 10 seconds or longer, wherein delivering the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation comprises shifting a frequency of the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation in bursts of increased frequency or decreased frequency waveforms.
23. A method of inducing a cognitive state comprising:
placing a portable transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicator into a subject's first ear so that a first electrode of the portable TES applicator contacts a skin of the subject's pinna from a first removable conductive earbud electrode so that the first electrode is in contact with the subject's external auditory meatus;
activating the portable TES applicator to deliver an asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation having an intensity of greater than 0.20 mA between the first removable conductive earbud electrode positioned in the subject's external auditory meatus and a second removable conductive earbud electrode in an external auditory meatus of the subject's second ear;
delivering audio output to the subject from a speaker coupled to the portable TES applicator concurrently with delivery of the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation; and
applying the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation between the first and second removable conductive earbud electrodes for 10 seconds or longer, wherein delivering the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation comprises shifting a frequency of the asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation in bursts of increased frequency or decreased frequency waveforms.