Skin sodium measurement using bioimpedance

1. An apparatus for measuring skin sodium content using bioimpedance spectroscopy, the apparatus comprising:

a current generator structurally configured to produce a current at a predetermined frequency to apply to skin of a subject;

a controller operable to adjust the predetermined frequency;

a sensor structurally configured to measure voltage across the skin of the subject produced by the current; and

at least one processor configured to determine, using the measured voltage, skin sodium content using a regression model including a formula, SSC=a*ρ SR +b*age+c, where ρ SR is calculated skin resistivity, and wherein a, b, and c are constant coefficients configured to correlate skin sodium content obtained by sodium-magnetic resonance imaging with skin resistivity obtained by bioimpedance spectroscopy.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to compute bioimpedance based on the measured voltage and to determine skin sodium content using the computed bioimpedance.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the current generator and the sensor includes a plurality of electrodes.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is operable to control the current generator to produce current at a plurality of different frequencies.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine one or more of a conductivity and a dielectric constant for current applied at the plurality of different frequencies.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine a slope for one or more of the conductivity and the dielectric constant between at least two of the plurality of different frequencies.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine a tissue type using the slope.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a computing device in communication with the at least one processor.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to transmit data to the computing device, the data including one or more of the predetermined frequency, the voltage, the resistance, skin resistivity, and the skin sodium content.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to calculate skin resistivity at the predetermined frequency, wherein the skin sodium content is determined at least in part using the calculated skin resistivity.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the skin resistivity (ρ SR ) is calculated using a formula, ρ SR =R F *A/L, where R F is the resistance at the predetermined frequency, A is a cross-sectional area of a measurement region of the skin, and L is a distance between electrodes that measured the voltage.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined frequency is in a range between 1 Hertz (Hz) and 1 megahertz (MHz).

13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the current produced by the current generator is configured for application to dermis of the subject, and wherein the predetermined frequency is selected to traverse through the dermis of the subject.

14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the at least one processor and the controller is configured to:

alter the predetermined frequency;

repeat measurement of the voltage and determining the resistance at the altered frequency to determine a tissue type of the subject; and

select the altered frequency determined to provide skin resistivity for dermis of the subject.

15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to:

determine one or more of a conductivity and a dielectric constant for current applied at a plurality of different frequencies;

determine a slope for one or more of the conductivity and the dielectric constant between at least two of the plurality of different frequencies; and

determine a tissue type using the slope.

16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the tissue type includes one of skin, fat, and muscle, and wherein tissue types of fat and muscle are disregarded for calculating skin sodium content.

17. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the tissue type includes one of epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer, and wherein all tissue types except the dermis are disregarded for calculating skin sodium content.

18. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to associate the skin sodium content with a physiological characteristic to determine a predictive health condition of the subject.

19. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine extracellular volume (ECV) and intracellular volume (ICV) of the skin.

20. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to:

continuously calculate skin sodium content for a predetermined time period; and

transmit a notification when skin sodium content is outside of a predetermined range.